The objective was to determine the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) among individuals between 7 and 15 years old infected or noninfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The study was conducted with 33 HIV-infected individuals (study group; SG) and 66 non-HIV-infected schoolchildren (control group; CG), paired by gender and age. Data collection was based on medical records (SG), a questionnaire for caregivers and oral examination for diagnosis of MIH (European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria) and caries (DMFT index and ICDAS). Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression. In SG, MIH (45.5%) and caries (87.9%) had higher prevalence. MIH was associated with use of protease inhibitors in SG (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.21 to 3.77) and incubator need in CG (OR: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.71 to 9.10). HIV-infected patients had a higher prevalence of MIH and dental caries in the permanent dentition.

Aim: To compare the salivary proteomic profile of periodontitis-affected (PA) parents and their offspring to periodontally healthy (PH) dyads in the pursuit of possible biomarkers for early diagnosis of this disease.Materials and Methods: Unstimulated saliva samples collected from 17 pairs of PA or PH individuals and their children were submitted to mass spectrometric analyses followed by proteomic analyses. Primary PA fibroblasts were triggered towards having an inflammatory response, and an immunoenzymatic assay of its supernatant was performed to validate the obtained data.Results: ANXA1, KRT4, GSTP1, HPX, A2M and KRT13 were lower in PA parents and their children, and IGHG1, CSTB, KRT9, SMR3B, IGHG4 and SERPINA1 were higher.ANXA1 presented the highest fold change, 7.1 times less produced in children of PA parents, and was selected as a potential biomarker for periodontitis. The in vitro assay also showed lower ANXA1 production by cells of PA patients. Conclusion:Before any clinical sign of periodontal loss, descendants of PA patients have an altered proteomic profile compared to PH individuals, presenting a lower abundance of ANXA1. This protein is suggested as a potential biomarker for periodontitis.

Background and objective:Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the IL10 promoter rs6667202 (C > A) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and grade C, stage 3 or 4 periodontitis (Perio4C) in the Brazilian population, where the altered A allele was detected more frequently in these patients. However, no functional analysis of this variation has yet been performed. Thus, the objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the functionality of rs6667202 in gingival fibroblasts (GFs) of individuals with Perio4C and with periodontal health (PH) stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetencomitans protein extract (AaPE).Methods: Patients with PH and Perio4C were segregated according to their genotype (AA, AC, or CC), and a biopsy was performed to establish the culture of the GFs.After GFs exposure to AaPE at 5 µg/ml for 1.5 h, RNA was extracted to analyze IL10 expression by qPCR. Aliquots of the cell's supernatant were subjected to immunoenzymatic analysis (MAGpix) to detect interleukin-10 (IL-10). Results:In PH, the genotypes AA and AC are related to less expression of IL10 (p = 0.027 and p < 0.0001) and less production of IL-10 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001), when compared to CC. In Perio4C, there was no statistical difference between the genotypes (p > 0.05), although a lower IL-10 expression and release compared with PH CC was seen (p = 0.033 and p < 0.001). Conclusion:The rs6667202 SNP is functional in PH, as it decreases the expression and production of IL-10. In Perio4C, other factors may be masking its action by altering the IL-10's response.

Background In Grade C periodontitis in young patients (PerioC‐Y), the functional roles of the subgingival community after years of periodontal treatment are still underexplored. This study evaluated the taxonomic and predicted functional content of the subgingival microbiome of PerioC‐Y patients under supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Methods Clinical and microbiological data from subgingival biofilm were assessed from 10 PerioC‐Y patients at two time points: at baseline and after 5.7 ± 1.3 years of SPT. This was compared with 15 patients without a history of periodontitis. The V1‐V3 and V4‐V5 regions of the 16S rRNA were sequenced using the Illumina Miseq. Microbial composition was evaluated by the core microbiome, and alpha‐ and beta‐diversity. The microbiome functional content was predicted using Picrust2, and the gene differential abundance was analyzed with DESeq2. Results Clinical improvements were seen in PerioC‐Y‐SPT. Differences in β‐diversity between PerioC‐Y and health were observed (health x PerioC‐Y‐baseline, P = 0.02; health x PerioC‐Y‐SPT, P = 0.05). Moreover, although β‐diversity did not statistically change between baseline and SPT in PerioC‐Y, the microbial correlation evidenced increased Streptococcus and decreased Treponema network contributions during SPT. Based on predicted functional data, treatment induced a reduction in genes related to flagellar protein and signal transduction in PerioC‐Y. However, compared with healthy individuals, some genes remained more highly abundant in PerioC‐Y‐SPT, such as quorum sensing and efflux pump transporters. Conclusion Despite clinical improvements and a shift in taxonomic composition, the PerioC‐Y patients' periodontal treatment was not enough to reach a similar microbiome to patients without disease experience. Some functional content in this biofilm remained altered in PerioC‐Y regardless of disease control.

Background Grade C, Stage 3–4 Periodontitis (Perio4C) is a rapidly destructive disease caused by an unequilibrated immune response that starts after the primary contact of the periodontopathogens with the gingival tissue. However, it is still unclear how this imbalanced response initiates and what is the role of the connective tissue cells in the progression of this disease. Thus, this study aims to assess the local immune response of Perio4C patients through the exposure of primary gingival fibroblast cells (GFs) with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans protein extract (AaPE) and the quantification of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐1β, interferon (IFN)‐γ, and IL‐10 super‐family members (IL‐10, IL‐19, and IL‐24) secreted by them. Methods Gingival biopsies from nine periodontally health (PH) and eight Perio4C patients were harvested, and the primary culture of GFs was obtained. The cells were exposed to AaPE (5 and 20 μg/ml) and 12‐myristate 13‐phorbol acetate and ionomycin – calcium salt (PMA). The supernatant was collected after 1.5 and 3 h, and a cytokine panel was evaluated. Results Clustering analysis indicated dissimilar and stimuli‐dependent cytokine production between Perio4C and PH subjects. Perio4C GFs presented lower production of IL‐4, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐17, IL‐10, IL‐24, and IL‐19, while IL‐1β levels were similar to the PH group, leading to a disruption in the pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokine ratio (p < 0.05). IL‐1β and IL‐10 super‐family were the most discriminative representants for PH and Perio4C, respectively. Conclusion GFs from individuals with Perio4C tended to hypo‐respond to stimulation with AaPE, producing lower concentrations of some pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory molecules, trending to develop a pro‐inflammatory extracellular environment.

Background The aim of the present study was to compare repeated applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) to open flap debridement (OFD) in the treatment of residual periodontal pockets in non‐furcation sites. Methods Forty‐six subjects with a diagnosis of Stage III or IV Grade C periodontitis, that had been previously treated, participated in the study.  Residual pockets were divided between two groups: (1) aPDT group: received ultrasonic periodontal debridement followed by immediate application of aPDT, and repeated on1st, 2nd, 7th, and 14th days; and (2) OFD group: treated by modified papilla preservation technique, where granulation tissue and visible calculus were removed with hand curettes and an ultrasonic device. Clinical, immunological, and microbiological parameters were evaluated before and after treatment. Results Both treatments were effective reducing clinical parameters of disease. OFD resulted in a greater mean probing pocket depths (PPD) reduction in deep pockets (p = 0.001). However, aPDT resulted in a lower occurrence of gingival recession (GR), dentin hypersensitivity (DH) and analgesic intake. Reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis was observed in both groups. Only the OFD group had a significant reduction in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. aPDT group had greater increase in interleukin 10 (IL‐10) levels and a greater reduction of interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β) at 14 days when compared to the OFD group (p < 0.05). Conclusion OFD was superior in reducing PPD in deep pockets compared to the aPDT. However, OFD resulted in greater GR.  Both treatments lowered P. gingivalis levels but only OFD reduced levels of A. actinomycemtemcomitans.

Objetivo: avaliar tendências de busca dos usuários da internet por informações sobre cárie dentária e defeitos de esmalte. Material e Métodos: trata-se de estudo retrospectivo que utilizou a ferramenta Google Trends Search Application como instrumento de busca. Foram utilizados os descritores “dental caries” e “enamel defects” para obtenção de informações no período de janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2015. Os resultados foram expressos pelo índice Search Volume Index. Foram utilizados os testes Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn, com nível de significância de 5%, para a análise dos dados. Resultados: para o termo “dental caries”, os maiores volumes de busca foram observados nos meses de março, abril e maio (62.33 ± 14.73, 63.58 ± 13.19, 63.00 ± 13.24, respectivamente) e os menores, nos meses de julho, agosto e dezembro (44.92 ± 8.82, 46.83 ± 9.94, 40.67 ± 5.55) (p < 0,001). Não foram observadas diferenças no volume de buscas entre meses do ano para o termo “enamel defects” (p = 0,694). Na análise por ano, foram observadas diferenças significativas para cárie dentária (p < 0,001), a partir de 2007 o volume de busca reduziu significativamente quando comparado aos anos anteriores. O mesmo não foi observado para defeitos de esmalte (p = 0,492). Conclusão: houve tendência de diminuição no número de buscas por informações sobre cárie dentária, ao passo que se mantêm constantes as buscas sobre defeitos de esmalte.

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