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Sleep is important for maintenance of skeletal muscle health. Sleep debt can induce muscle atrophy by increasing glucocorticoids and decreasing testosterone, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I. These hormonal alterations result in a highly proteolytic environment characterized by decreased protein synthesis and increased degradation. Given that sleep deprivation is increasingly prevalent in modern society, strategies to minimize or reverse its adverse effects need to be investigated. Resistance exercise has been suggested as an intervention that would benefit the muscle health. The practice of this type of exercise can increase the concentration of testosterone, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I and stimulate the protein synthesis through a key signaling molecule, mammalian target of rapamycin. Thus, we hypothesized that resistance exercise is an important non-pharmacological strategy to counteract deleterious effects of sleep debt on skeletal muscle.

Aging and physical inactivity are 2 factors that favour the development of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. In contrast, adopting a habitual moderate exercise routine may be a nonpharmacological treatment alternative for neuroendocrine aging disorders. We aimed to assess the effects of moderate exercise training on the metabolic profiles of elderly people with sedentary lifestyles. Fourteen sedentary, healthy, elderly male volunteers participated in a moderate training regimen for 60 min/day, 3 days/week for 24 weeks at a work rate equivalent to their ventilatory aerobic threshold. The environment was maintained at a temperature of 23±2°C, with a humidity of 60±5%. Blood samples for analysis were collected at 3 intervals: at baseline (1 week before training began), and 3 and 6 months after training. The training promoted increased aerobic capacity (relative VO(2), and time and velocity to VO(2)max; (p<0.05)) and reduced serum α-MSH (p<0.05) after 3 months of training when compared with the baseline data. In addition, serum thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) was reduced after 6 months of training compared with baseline levels. Our results demonstrate that a moderate exercise training protocol improves the metabolic profile of older people, and metabolic adaptation is dependent on time.

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