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-The blink reflex latencies and cephalometric indexes were analysed in 30 male volunteers from three different races, 10 white, 10 black, and 10 Oriental. Ages ranged from 15 to 59 years, height from 1,60 to 1,80 m, and weight from 60 to 80 kg. Blink reflexes were obtained after unilateral electric stimulation of the supraorbital nerve for quantitative analysis of 3 responses, early ipsilateral (R1), late ipsilateral (R2i) and late contralateral (R2c), obtained from the orbicularis oculi muscle. Cephalometric indexes were calculated by multiplying the ratio between the longer transverse and the longer sagital head diameters by 100. The R1, R2i and R2c latencies were consistent with other published papers revealing no differences between the different racial groups. The mean of the cephalometric indexes of each group were consistent with respective racial characteristics. This study revealed that there are no differences between R1, R2i and R2c latencies in the 3 different studied races.KEY WORDS: blink reflex, races.Reflexo trigêmino-facial: comparação de medidas de latência em diferentes raças Reflexo trigêmino-facial: comparação de medidas de latência em diferentes raças Reflexo trigêmino-facial: comparação de medidas de latência em diferentes raças Reflexo trigêmino-facial: comparação de medidas de latência em diferentes raças Reflexo trigêmino-facial: comparação de medidas de latência em diferentes raças RESUMO -Latências do reflexo trigêmino-facial e índices cefalométricos foram analisados em 30 voluntários adultos normais, de 3 diferentes raças, sendo 10 brancos, 10 negros e 10 orientais. Idades variaram de 15 a 59 anos, alturas de 1,6 a 1,8 m e pesos de 60 a 80 kg. Os reflexos trigêmino-faciais foram obtidos por estimulação elétrica unilateral do nervo supra-orbital e captação nos músculos orbicularis oculi, para análise quantitativa de 3 respostas, ipsolateral precoce (R1), ipsolateral tardia (R2i) e contralateral tardia (R2c). Índices cefalométricos foram obtidos multiplicando-se por 100 a razão entre maior diâmetro transverso e maior diâmetro sagital do crânio. As médias dos índices cefalométricos de cada grupo foram compatíveis com as respectivas características raciais. As respostas R1, R2i e R2c não mostraram diferenças de latências estatisticamente significativas entre as 3 diferentes raças analisadas neste estudo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: reflexo trigêmino-facial, raças.The blink reflex is a very practical reproducible electrical response, that can be used in comparative clinical studies and experimental models [1][2][3] . At the beginning of XX th century, there was a dispute about the authorship of the original description of the blink reflex 4 . The first report of the eye closure response to forehead percussion was made by Overend, in 1896 6 . The same reflex, obtained in response to percussion of the lateral supra-orbital region was later described by McCarthy 7 , and is still referred to by his name 5 . The blink reflex physiology began to be better understood when Kugelberg performed the fi...

There is substantial controversy in literature about human dermatomes. In this work, C5 and C6 superior limb dermatomes were studied. The method consisted of comparing clinical signs and symptoms with conduction studies, electromyographical data, neurosurgical findings, and imaging findings obtained by computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for each patient. Data analysis from superior members in 18 patients suggests that C5 is located in the lateral aspect of the shoulder and arm, and C6 in the lateral aspect of the forearm and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd fingers. To our knowledge this is the first time that C5 and C6 human dermatomes have been studied by all the following methods together: clinical, electromyographical, CT and MR imaging, and surgical findings.

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-There is substantial controversy in literature about human dermatomes. We studied L4, L5, and S1 inferior limb dermatomes by comparing clinical signs and symptoms with conduction studies, electromyographical data, neurosurgical findings, and imaging data from computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After analyzing 60 patients, we concluded that L4 is probably located in the medial aspect of the leg, L5 in the lateral aspect of the leg and foot dorsus, and S1 in the posterior aspect of the backside, tight, leg and plantar foot skin. This is the first time that these human dermatomes have been evaluated by combined analysis of clinical, electromyographical, neurosurgical, and imaging data.KEY WORDS: eletromyography, human dermatome, imaging, inferior member. Dermátomos humanos L4, L5 e S1: achados clínicos, eletromiográficos, de imagem e cirúrgicosResumo -Há controvérsia na literatura sobre os dermátomos humanos. Estudamos dermátomos do membro inferior comparando sinais e sintomas com estudos eletromiográficos, de imagem e achados cirúrgicos. Analisando 60 pacientes, concluímos que o dermátomo L4 provavelmente está localizado na região medial da perna, o dermátomo L5 na região lateral da perna e dorso do pé, e o dermátomo S1 na nádega, região posterior da coxa e da perna e na região plantar. Este é o primeiro estudo que os dermátomos do membro inferior foram analisados através de dados clínicos, eletromiográficos, imagem e achados cirúrgicos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: dermátomo humano, eletromiografia, imagem, membro inferior. The most commonly affected territory of human inferior limb dermatomes in neurology are L4, L5, and S1, but controversy exists as to their exact location in the legs. Classical anatomy and neurology text-books contain discrepancies presenting these human dermatomes in different skin territories. The L4 map is presented differently

RESUMEN: El músculo frontal humano posee dos vientres formando junto, al músculo occipital y la gálea aponeurótica, el músculo occipitofrontal. Como músculo estriado esquelético, el músculo frontal puede presentar fibras con alta intensidad de oxidación (tipo I) y con baja intensidad de oxidación (tipo II). El objetivo de este trabajo fue la determinación, a través de la reacción histoquímica para nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetra-zolium redutase (NADH-TR), la distribución de fibras de tipos I y II del músculo frontal de conejos de la raza Norfolk inglesa, del sexo femenino, con edad de seis a ocho meses, pesando de 2,8 a 3,1 Kg. De un total de 1010 fibras estudiadas, la proporción encontrada fue de 33,8% para el tipo I, de 17,4% para el tipo IIA, y de 48,8% para el tipo IIB. La mayoría de las fibras encontradas era del tipo II, revelando la intensa actividad de este músculo en la mímica facial. Las fibras de tipo II presentan baja intensidad oxidativa, pudiendo así sufrir fatiga muscular. Estas conclusiones pueden ser un aporte en estudios para entender los procesos patológicos que pueden ocurrir en este músculo.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to acquire knowledge about the key legal aspects of orthodontic practice, which may be used as important defense tools in the event of ethical and/ or legal actions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with dentists in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by means of a specific instrument (questionnaire) addressing the ethical and legal disputes that involve the orthodontic specialty. Participants were asked to fill out the following questionnaire fields: personal identification, academic background, orthodontic accessories, oral hygiene, treatment plan, service provision, orthodontic documentation, drug prescription and forms of communication with patients, among others. Results: A total of 237 orthodontists, all members of the Regional Council of Dentistry, Minas Gerais State (CRO-MG) and living in Belo Horizonte, were given the data collection instrument. Out of this total, 69 (29.11%) answered and returned the questionnaires. Of the 69 respondents, 57.97% were male and 42.03% female. It was found that 52.17% of these professionals graduated from Higher Education Institutions (ISEs). It was observed that 34.78% of these orthodontists completed specialization between 5 and 10 years after graduation. Most professionals (94.2%) enter into their medical records information about any damage caused to the orthodontic accessories used by their patients and 53.62% of the orthodontists keep their patients' orthodontic documentation on file throughout their active professional life. Conclusions: This study revealed that some analysis parameters were very satisfactory, such as: the availability of service provision contract models, communication with patients and/or their lawful guardians in case of abandonment of treatment, orthodontic documentation files and the entering into the dental records of information concerning the breakage of and damage to orthodontic accessories. However, some practices have yet to be adopted, such as: patient signature should be collected in the event of damage to orthodontic accessories and copies of drug prescriptions and certificates should be kept on file. AbstractKeywords: Civil liability. Orthodontics. Forensic dentistry.

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