This review is intended to focus attention on the importance of essential metallo-element metabolism, particularly copper metabolism, as an important component of normal bone metabolism in maintenance and repair. Literature published since Rademacher's early (1) astute observation that copper supplementation increases the rate of bone healing documents and explains key roles of copper-dependent processes required for maintenance and repair of this tissue. State of the art approaches to treatment of bone diseases including lengthening of bone and repair of fractures, can be improved by paying closer attention to the roles of copper and other essential metallo-elements required for optimal treatment.
stirred at -70°under a nitrogen atmosphere and phenyllithium10 (16 ml, 1.5 N in ether, 4 equiv) was added over a 5-min period, forming a dark red solution. After quenching with an excess of cold aqueous ammonium chloride, a red-brown organic layer was formed to which 25 ml of benzene was added. The two layers were filtered to remove 0.347 g of an insoluble dark brown solid, and the organic layer was then separated and washed with cold distilled water. The dark brown oily residue left on evaporation was taken up in 100 ml of dry benzene and filtered to remove insoluble material. After drying over sodium sulfate and evaporating, the residual brown oil was dried overnight at 0.004 mm and 18.4 mg of biphenyl distilled over into the trap. Anhydrous ether (20 ml) was added to the oily residue. The red solution was filtered from some insoluble material and cooled in an ice-water bath before adding 100 ml of cold petroleum ether (bp 30-60°). The brown solid which precipitated was collected by filtration, washed with petroleum ether, and then freeze dried from benzene to yield 121.5 mg (14%) of 1 -phenylthiabenzene, softening point 68-73°.1-Phenylthiabenzene (VI) was also prepared2 by treating 1.0 g of VII11 suspended in 50 ml of ether under nitrogen in a separatory funnel capped with a rubber serum cap with 15 ml of 2 M phenyllithium in etherbenzene (Lithium Corp. of America, New York, N. Y.) added by a syringe slowly with shaking. After 15 min additional shaking, it was worked up as above to give 72 mg of a brown solid, softening point 68-72°.
Metallic copper has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan foot paw edema of the rat, when applied in the form of an implant. The implant was installed two months before the edema was induced. It is postulated that the anti-inflammatory activity is due to dissolved copper from the implant.
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