Este artigo aborda a temática da identidade, apontando suas interfaces com o ambiente organizacional. Enquanto descreve diferentes níveis do fenômeno da identidade, apresenta delimitações para o estudo de cada categoria, assim como as possibilidades de integração entre elas e sua aplicabilidade aos estudos organizacionais. Assim, a partir da abordagem da identidade pessoal, da identidade social, da identidade no trabalho e da identidade organizacional, foram extraídas reflexões, que visam ampliar a discussão em torno da subjetividade nas organizações. Verificou-se que as perspectivas de estudo da identidade nas organizações são múltiplas e há ainda grande espaço para ser explorado. Palavras-chaves: identidade; estudos organizacionais; organizações; trabalho. A A A A ABSTRACT BSTRACT BSTRACT BSTRACT BSTRACTThis paper has an approach about identity, showing its application to the organizational theory. While describe different levels of the identity phenomenon, the paper establishes the frontiers of the study among each category, as well the possibilities of integration among the different approaches and their applicability in the organizational studies. In this way, the personal identity, the social identity, the identity in the work and the organizational identity are categories discussed, whose goal is extending the discussion about the subjectivity in organizations. It was verified that the perspectives of identity's study in organizations are multiples and there is a large field for discussion.

Wearing face masks is recommended as part of personal protective equipment and as a public health measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Their use, however, is deeply connected to social and cultural practices and has acquired a variety of personal and social meanings. This article aims to identify the diversity of sociocultural, ethical, and political meanings attributed to face masks, how they might impact public health policies, and how they should be considered in health communication. In May 2020, we involved 29 experts of an interdisciplinary research network on health and society to provide their testimonies on the use of face masks in 20 European and 2 Asian countries (China and South Korea). They reflected on regulations in the corresponding jurisdictions as well as the personal and social aspects of face mask wearing. We analyzed those testimonies thematically, employing the method of qualitative descriptive analysis. The analysis framed the four dimensions of the societal and personal practices of wearing (or not wearing) face masks: individual perceptions of infection risk, personal interpretations of responsibility and solidarity, cultural traditions and religious imprinting, and the need of expressing self-identity. Our study points to the importance for an in-depth understanding of the cultural and sociopolitical considerations around the personal and social meaning of mask wearing in different contexts as a necessary prerequisite for the assessment of the effectiveness of face masks as a public health measure. Improving the personal and collective understanding of citizens' behaviors and attitudes appears essential for designing more effective health communications about COVID-19 pandemic or other global crises in the future.   To wear a face mask or not to wear a face mask?   Nowadays, this question has been analogous   to the famous line from Shakespeare's Hamlet:   “To be or not to be, that is the question.”   This is a bit allegorical,   but certainly not far from the current circumstances   where a deadly virus is spreading amongst us... Vanja Kopilaš, Croatia.

Existe, atualmente, um número significativo de pesquisas sobre o empreendedorismo feminino. No conjunto, esses estudos exploram aspectos ligados ao perfil geral e gerencial das mulheres. A análise da criação de empresas por mulheres é abordada nessas pesquisas, porém de maneira superficial, pois o enfoque principal, em geral, recai sobre o perfil delas ou de suas empresas. Quando se procura entender a criação de empresas e suas implicações, envolvendo os motivos e outros fatores que contribuíram para a decisão de iniciar a empresa, tais como a forma e obtenção de recursos, não há muitas informações disponíveis. Considerando o impacto deste processo no rumo da organização, o propósito deste estudo é o de investigar o processo de criação de empresas por mulheres, em diferentes localidades. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, realizada com mulheres empreendedoras no Brasil, Canadá e França. Em cada localidade, foram selecionadas 30 mulheres que iniciaram suas empresas, num total de 90 empreendedoras. Nos resultados, discute-se o processo de criação de empresas, a partir das razões para iniciar os negócios, os fatores antecedentes à empresa e, finalmente, sobre as formas de criação, ou seja, as origens do capital inicial e constituição jurídica. A razão predominante para criar a empresa foi a realização pessoal, seguida da visão de oportunidade de mercado e insatisfação no emprego. Predominou um tempo prévio de experiência profissional de 9 anos, em média, e a existência de pais como modelos de empreendedores para 41% dos casos. A sociedade foi a forma predominante e a origem do capital inicial foi proveniente de economias pessoais, com exceção das empresas da França que fizeram parte do estudo.

The creation and expansion of forensic DNA databases might involve potential threats to the protection of a range of human rights. At the same time, such databases have social benefits. Based on data collected through an online questionnaire applied to 628 individuals in Portugal, this paper aims to analyze the citizens' willingness to donate voluntarily a sample for profiling and inclusion in the National Forensic DNA Database and the views underpinning such a decision. Nearly one-quarter of the respondents would indicate 'no', and this negative response increased significantly with age and education. The overriding willingness to accept the inclusion of the individual genetic profile indicates an acknowledgement of the investigative potential of forensic DNA technologies and a relegation of civil liberties and human rights to the background, owing to the perceived benefits of protecting both society and the individual from crime. This rationale is mostly expressed by the idea that all citizens should contribute to the expansion of the National Forensic DNA Database for reasons that range from the more abstract assumption that donating a sample for profiling would be helpful in fighting crime to the more concrete suggestion that everyone (criminals and non-criminals) should be in the database. The concerns with the risks of accepting the donation of a sample for genetic profiling and inclusion in the National Forensic DNA Database are mostly related to lack of control and insufficient or unclear regulations concerning safeguarding individuals' data and supervising the access and uses of genetic data. By providing an empirically-grounded understanding of the attitudes regarding willingness to donate voluntary a sample for profiling and inclusion in a National Forensic DNA Database, this study also considers the citizens' perceived benefits and risks of operating forensic DNA databases. These collective views might be useful for the formation of international common ethical standards for the development and governance of DNA databases in a framework in which the citizens' perspectives are taken into consideration.

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The political and financial investments in the implementation of forensic DNA databases and the ethical issues related to their use and expansion justify inquiries into their performance and general utility. The main function of a forensic DNA database is to produce matches between individuals and crime scene stains, which requires a constant input of individual profiles and crime scene stains. This is conditioned, among other factors, by the legislation, namely the criteria for inclusion of profiles and the periods of time and conditions for their retention and/or deletion. This article aims to provide an overview of the different legislative models for DNA databasing in Europe and ponder if wider inclusion criteria – and, consequently, database size – translates into more matches between profiles of crime scene stains and included individuals (performance ratio). The legislation governing forensic DNA databases in 22 countries in the European Union was analysed in order to propose a typology of two major groups of legislative criteria for inclusion/retention of profiles that can be classified as having either expansive effects or restrictive effects. We argue that expansive criteria for inclusion and retention of profiles do not necessarily translate into significant gains in output performance.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2195-7819-9-12) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Under EU Law, Member States are compelled to engage in reciprocal automated forensic DNA profile exchange for stepping up on cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism and cross-border crime. The ethical implications of this transnational DNA data exchange are paramount. Exploring what the concept of ethics means to forensic practitioners actively involved in transnational DNA data exchange allows discussing how ethics can be addressed as embedded in the sociality of science and in the way scientific work is legitimated. The narratives of forensic practitioners juxtapose the construction of fluid ethical boundary work between science and non-science with the dynamic management of controversies, both of which are seen as ways to lend legitimacy and objectivity to scientific work.Ethical boundary work involves diverse fluid forms: as a boundary between science/ethics, science/criminal justice system, and good and bad science. The management of controversies occurs in three interrelated ways. First, through a continuous process of reconstructing delegations of responsibility in dealing with uncertainty surrounding the reliability of DNA evidence. Second, threats to the protection of data are portrayed as being resolved by blackboxing privacy. Finally, controversies related to social accountability and transparency are negotiated through the lens of opening science to the public.