Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in milk, and lactation is associated with increased glutamine utilization both for milk synthesis and as a fuel for the enlarged small intestine. A number of recent studies have indicated that lactation is accompanied by a mild catabolic state in which skeletal muscle proteins are degraded to provide amino acids that are used to synthesize additional glutamine. In this study we tested the hypothesis that supplemental L-glutamine or the commercially available glutamine supplement Aminogut (2.5% by weight mixed into daily feed) provided to gilts from 30 days prior to parturition until 21 days post-parturition would prevent a decrease in skeletal muscle glutamine while increasing the glutamine content of the milk. Muscle glutamine content decreased (P < 0.05) in control animals during lactation but this was prevented by supplementation with either L-glutamine or Aminogut. In this study, neither lactation nor supplementation had any effect on plasma glutamine or glutamate content. Free glutamine, and the total glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from the control and the Aminogut group rose (P < 0.05) during the first 7 days of lactation, with milk concentrations in the L-glutamine supplemented group showing a similar trend (P = 0.053). Milk glutamate remained constant between day 7 and 21 of lactation in the control and L-glutamine supplemented groups, but by day 21 of lactation the free glutamine, glutamate, and glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from Aminogut-treated gilts were higher than those of control gilts. Thus dietary glutamine supplementation can alleviate the fall in intramuscular glutamine content during lactation in gilts, and may alleviate some of the catabolic effects of lactation. Furthermore, the increased milk glutamine content in the supplemented gilts may provide optimum nutrition for piglet development.
Glutamine (gln) is frequently added to equine semen as a diluent to improve spermatozoa life, however there is little information about concentration of glutamine metabolism in equine testis. Gln and Glu concentrations were determined, by enzymatic analyses, in regions near the testicular vein (TA), near the external area of the testis (TB), the head of the epididymus (EH), and the tail of epididymus (ET). Samples were obtained from stallions (n=10) that underwent surgery to remove the testes. ANOVA and Tukey's test were used analyze the results, with P<5%. Tissues were washed to remove the semen present before analysis. Results showed significant diference in [glu+gln] between all four tissues. Lower [glu+gln] was observed in in EH (5.781±1.073 umol/mg of tissue) when compared with other 3 areas (ET: 10.970 ± 0.782; TA: 13.272±0.671; TB:10.840 ±1.463) (P<0.05). Overall, this work indicates considerable differences in glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in different regions of the testis. However to determine more precise the glutamine metabolism in all four tissues we need to determine GS and glutaminase activity in these tissues, and a definitive interpretation can be presented.
Blood transfusion is an important practice in canine medicine because many diseases are associated with anemia and blood loss. Glutamine and glutamate are major carriers of nitrogen, carbon and energy in mammalian blood. The aim of this research was to evaluate possible changes in blood GLN and GLU in dogs after blood donation. Twelve Grayhound dogs (~5yo) were sampled before (pre‐test) and 1, 7, 14 and 30 days after donating blood. The dogs were drawn 450 mL of blood per donation. The [GLN] and [GLU] were measured by enzimatic assays and data were analyzed by ANOVA, for repeated measurements, and Tukey's test, with P<0.05, to compare all results. Results showed that [GLU] were not different in any samples. In contrast, [GLN] increased from pre‐test levels, 0.603±0.040mol/mL, to 0.728±0.036 mol/mL after 1 day, and to (0.755±0.041mol/mL) after 14days. Even after 30 days the blood [GLN] (0.671+0.043mol/mL) did not return to pre‐blood donation concentrations. Results indicate that either glutamine synthesis has increased or glutamine utilization has decreased and indicate that further research is required to determine the significance of these findings.
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