Angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels, is crucial in the physiological response to ischemia, though it can be detrimental as part of inflammation and tumorigenesis. We have previously shown that high-density lipoproteins (HDL) modulate angiogenesis in a context-specific manner via distinct classical signalling pathways, enhancing hypoxia-induced angiogenesis while suppressing inflammatory-driven angiogenesis. Whether additional novel targets exist to account for these effects are unknown. A microarray approach identified two novel genes, cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate-response-element-binding protein 3 regulatory factor (CREBRF) and tripartite motif-containing protein 2 (TRIM2) that were upregulated by reconstituted HDL (rHDL). We measured CREBRF and TRIM2 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells following incubation with rHDL and exposure to either hypoxia or an inflammatory stimulus. We found that CREBRF and TRIM2 mRNA were significantly upregulated by rHDL, particularly in response to its phospholipid component 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, however, protein expression was not significantly altered. Knockdown of TRIM2 impaired endothelial cell tubulogenesis in vitro in both hypoxia and inflammation, implying a necessary role in angiogenesis. Furthermore, TRIM2 knockdown attenuated rHDL-induced tubule formation in hypoxia, suggesting that it is important in mediating the pro-angiogenic action of rHDL. Our study has implications for understanding the regulation of angiogenesis in both of these pathophysiological contexts by HDL.
Eight methyl N-(lH-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamates with1 3 various 5-substituents were synthesized, each C-enriched at carbon 2, and the carbonyl and methoxy carbons. Five were prepared by cyclization involving the appropriate 4-substituted 1,2-diaminobenzene (CgHgcO-, CH3CH2CH20-, C H~C H Z C H~S -, CgHgS-and CH3CH2CH2CH2-), and methyl-C N-[imino(methylthio)methyl-Clcarbamate-C or methyl N,N'-bis(methoxy-C-carbonyl-C)carbamimidothionate-C. The latter were prepared from commercially available and thiourea. The remaining three (5-substituents: C6H5CH(OH)-, CgHgSO-and CH3CH2CH2SO-) were prepared by side-chain reduction or oxidation. The H-and C-NMR, and the methane CI mass spectral data of the products and intermediates are presented.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.