Amphiprion sp. is known as the most popular tropical marine ornamental fish with unique colours and sequential hermaphroditic, social hierarchy and monogamous characteristics. Information on the spawning pattern of clownfish is very important. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spawning patterns of Amphiprion sp. in indoor rearing system. Observations of spawning patterns were conducted for 14 days in paired of clownfish reared in aquarium sized 40×40×30 cm3 with running water system. The results showed that maturation process in female started with the appearance of swollen abdomen and extended oviduct from the genital hole of female, then parent pair fish together cleaned the egg laying area, and spawned at 13.00-16.00. Spawning occurred on the fourth day to the seventh. The eggs were incubated for one week. During the incubation period, egg colour changed from orange on the first day to silver eye on seventh day, and the eggs hatched at 18.00-20.00 on eighth day. The spawning pattern of clownfish in indoor system is highly determined by time and environmental conditions.
Amphiprion is one of the genera in the Pomacentridae family which is dominant on coral reefs in the waters of Ambon Island. This fish has interesting morphological characteristics, unique reproductive behavior, and has a symbiosis with sea anemones as a host and has high adaptability in captivity. The diversity of species in the genus Amphiprion is high based on varying morphological characters. The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphometric and meristic characters of five types of clown fish (Amphiprion sp.) from the island of Ambon. The morphometric characteristics were measured by measuring 24 characters, while the meristic characteristics were calculated using 5 characters in parent fish Amphiprion clarkii, A. frenatus, A. ocellaris, A. percula, and A. sandaracinos which had been kept for 1 year at the Ambon Marine Aquaculture Center. The data of morphometric and meristic characteristics were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). The relationship between individuals was analyzed using genetic distance based on the UPGMA program from PAST software. The results of PCA analysis showed differences in morphometric characters and the five types of clownfish formed two main clusters, the first cluster consisted of A. ocellaris and A. percula and A. sandaracinos, and the second cluster consisted of A. clarkii and A. frenatus. This clustering can provide information for breeders and cultivators in the development of clown fish cultivation in breeding programs.
Highlight Research The 17β-estradiol hormone induction reduces the percentage of R values in skin and fin color by as much as 50-60%. The 17β-estradiol hormone induction increases total length and body weight, estradiol content, GIS and HIS, and also glucose content. The 17β-estradiol hormone induction shows mature development of the gonadal profile from functional male to functional female. Abstract As maroon clownfish (Amphiprion biaculeatus) is a protandrous hermaphroditic fish, feminization process with 17β-estradiol hormone can be applied to accelerate the female broodstock candidate supply for further spawning effort. This study aimed to evaluate the feminization of A. biaculeatus with 17β-estradiol hormonal induction. This study used a completely randomized design with several hormone dosage, namely P0 (without 17β-estradiol hormone induction), P1 (0.5 μg 17β-estradiol/g body), P2 (1.0 μg 17β-estradiol/g body), and P3 (1.5 μg 17β-estradiol/g body). These treatments were applied with three replications. Five fish composed of α-fish, β-fish, and three γ-fish were reared in each aquarium for 90 days with a flowing water system. The α- and β-fish were then removed, while the γ-fish was injected with hormone. Otohime pellet feed was fed three times a day until apparent satiation. The results showed that the 17β-estradiol hormone could induce 100% of the feminization process of male A. biaculeatus. The dosage of P3 obtained the lowest value percentage of red, green, blue (RGB), but showing the highest total of length and body weight (6.67±0.42 cm and 6.40±0.78 g, respectively), estradiol content (149.73±4.24 ρg/mL), GSI and HSI (0.38±0.07% and 3.59±0.49%), and glucose content (4.67±0.64 mg/dL), followed by more mature gonad profile than other treatments. This condition indicates that fish in P3 treatment has been reversed as functional female. The average survival rate for the treatment was as high as 60%. Therefore, the application of 17β-estradiol hormonal induction is effective for the feminization process in A. biaculeatus as a protandrous hermaphroditic fish.
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