Uliczka, H, and Angelstam. P, 1999, Occurrence of epiphytic macroliehens in relation lo tree species and age in managed boreal forest, -Ecography 22: 396-405, For the maintenance of biodiversity some epiphytic macrolichens have been used to identify forests wilh high conservation value. To understand what these macrolichens indicate, we studied the relationships of tree species and age with the abundance of a set of 33 macrolichens {20 of them in use as indicator species) at 90 localities in a 150 km-area in south-central Sweden-We sampled the four most common tree species Scots pine Piiius sylre.stris. Norvva\ spruce I'icea abics. birch Belula spp, and aspen Popuhis Iremula lor macroliehens at 0-2 m from the base. Of the 33 target species we found 17, six of them were indicators in use for this region. In 30. out of 40 tested, cases there was a positive relation between liehen abundance and age of the tree. On all tree species the number of the studied lichen speeies increased with age. The colonisation rate of the species was fastest on birch. All species occurring on birch were also found on at least one ofthe coniferous trees, while aspen had six speeies not found on other trees. Pine and spruce with a slow growth rate had more signal lichen species than fast growing trees. We eould not detect a competitive situation between eommon and rare speeies as the most abundant or largest liehens did not exclude other species. The length of the longest fruticose lichen was positively correlated with the number of species on the tree. Shade had a negative effect on the number of speeies. We eonelude that the indicator macroliehens encountered in this study showed a preference for old trees or aspens. This result, and the low number of indicator speeies. points at the importance of promoting these trees for the preservation of biodiversity in the boreal forest, H. Uliezka (helen.uliczkaCa}nrh.stu.se) and P. Angelstam, Grimso Wildlife Rcseareh Station,
Non-industrial private forest owners' knowledge of and attitudes towards nature conservation.This study examined the knowledge of and attitudes towards nature conservation. A questionnaire enquiring about aspects related to education, land-holdings and attributes was answered by 393 Swedish non-industrial private forest owners. Attendance on the National Board of Forestry's educational programmes, self-estimated knowledge about conservation and knowledge about forest species were all related to a positive attitude towards conservation. Education in forestry was related to knowledge of conservation, but not to the attitude towards it. Dependence on income from the forest, age / 55 yrs and a land-use-related occupation, all indicated a less positive attitude. Compared with men, women were less active owners with less forestry education, but younger women with high formal education had the most positive attitude of all. The results suggest that forest owners should be encouraged to attend regularly updated courses, and that courses should be available for non-active owners on how to put a pro-environmental attitude into practice.
Uliczka, H. 2003. Nature conservation efforts by forest owners -intentions and practice in a Swedish case study. Silva Fennica 37(4): 459-475.Before a forest operation Swedish forest owners need to fi ll in a registration form. Since 1994, when a new Swedish Forestry Act came into force, intended nature conservation measures can also be noted on the form. I evaluate 1) if the self-reported nature conservation intentions displayed any trends from 1995 to 2000, and 2) if the intentions were implemented. All forms from these years, in one municipality, were analysed and the stand structure retention was measured on 40 clear-cuts. The intentions, noted as check-marks on the form, showed an increasing trend during these years. However, the increase may be an artefact of changes the form during the time period. The number of check-marks on the forms and the stand structure items actually present on the 40 clear-cuts showed a positive relation. The clear-cuts with ≤ 3 check-marks on the form had lower amounts of the three most common items, than those with ≥ 4 check-marks. To conclude 1) a true increase in the self-reported intentions of the forest owners could not be established; 2) the intentions were generally followed by associated practices on the clear-cuts; 3) the amounts of stand structures retained were probably not enough to reach the biodiversity goal of the Forestry Act. The registration form could be improved to become less open for interpretation and contain quantifi ed recommendations. Self-reported intentions of the forest owners could then possibly be used as indicators of real structural retention, which could facilitate planning and allow for making predictions about the future forests.
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