A fundamental component of initiatives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+); will be the development of robust and cost-effective measuring, reporting, and verification (MRV) instruments for national forest monitoring and safeguard information systems. It is increasingly recognized that community-based monitoring (CBM) offers a positive model for greater participation and engagement of indigenous and forest-dependent communities within a REDD+ framework. Yet plans for CBM within REDD+ MRV systems remain limited, and there are currently relatively few concrete examples of CBM informing national forest monitoring systems. This paper outlines findings from a community MRV project with Amerindian communities in the North Rupununi, Guyana; and demonstrates that a CBM approach can enable key REDD+ requirements: in understanding local deforestation drivers and measuring carbon stocks; and for providing information on safeguards through social and environmental assessments. In addition, the authors discuss community capacity-building on smartphone technology for monitoring as a challenging yet viable pathway for scaling the use and adoption of indigenous knowledge and local skills for REDD+ programs.

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) challenge markets, regulators and practitioners to achieve multiple objectives on water, food and energy. This calls for responses that are coordinated and scaled appropriately. Learning from waterenergy-food nexus could support much-needed building of links between the separate SDGs. The concept has highlighted how risks manifest when blinkered development and management of water, food and energy reduce resource security across sectors and far-reaching scales. However, three under-studied dimensions of these risks must be better considered in order to identify leverage points for sustainable development: first, externalities and shared risks across multiple scales; second, innovative government mechanisms for shared risks; and third, negotiating the balance between silos, politics and power in addressing shared risks.

The trade in agricultural commodities is a backbone of the global economy but is a major cause of negative social and environmental impacts, not least deforestation. Commodity traders are key actors in efforts to eliminate deforestation—they are active in the regions where commodities are produced and represent a “pinch point” in global trade that provides a powerful lever for change. However, the procurement strategies of traders remain opaque. Here, we catalog traders’ sourcing across four sectors with high rates of commodity-driven deforestation: South American soy, cocoa from Côte d’Ivoire, Indonesian palm oil, and Brazilian live cattle exports. We show that traders often source more than 40% of commodities “indirectly” via local intermediaries and that indirect sourcing is a major blind spot for sustainable sourcing initiatives. To eliminate deforestation, indirect sourcing must be included in sectoral initiatives, and landscape or jurisdictional approaches, which internalize indirect sourcing, must be scaled up.

Of 17 rapists in an English Special Hospital, nine said that they had committed their offence under the influence of alcohol. Subjects whose offences were alcohol related showed significantly higher levels of selfreported alcohol consump~ tion and alcohol dependence than did subjects whose offences were not reported to be alcohol related. The alcohol~related offenders scored significantly higher on an expectancy scale, indicating that they believed they were more likely to do something that is sexually risky after drinking alcohol. Because expectancies may predict future behaviour, they are important to address in intervention. Combined skills training and cue exposure is recommended.A belief common in Western cultures is that drinking alcohol facilitates sexual behaviour. This belief has been examined in experimental investigations; for example, in a balanced placebo design experiment, George and Marlatt (1986) showed that male subjects who believed that they were drinking alcohol demonstrated greater interest in and reported more sexual arousal to erotic, violent, and violent-erotic visual material than did subjects who believed that they were drinking plain tonic water, and expectancy effects predominated over beverage content. Leigh (1990) suggested that expectation of sexual enhancement should lead to drinking in sexual, or potentially sexual, situations, particularly for those who have more need of an excuse for their sexual behaviour. To ex amine this hypothesis, Leigh surveyed 844 men and women to collect information about their drinking, sexual behaviour, sex-related alcohol expectancies, and attitudes to sex. She found that the stronger a person's beliefs in the ability of alcohol to enhance sexual experience, the more likely it was for that person to drink, and drink larger amounts, in conjunction with sexual encounters. Expectancies were seen to motivate drinking more powerfully in those who felt guilty or nervous about sex.One specific group of individuals whose sex-related alcohol expectancies are of particular interest is sexual offenders. In studies of rapists, the consumption of alcohol before the commission of the offence has been identified in a proportion of cases. West and Wright (1981) found that about one-third of a sampie of men charged with rape had had four or more drinks before the

The trade in agricultural commodities is a backbone of the global economy but is a major cause of negative social and environmental impacts, not least deforestation. Commodity traders are key actors in efforts to eliminate deforestation - they are active in the regions where commodities are produced and represent a 'pinch-point' in global trade that provides a powerful lever for change. However, the procurement strategies of traders remain opaque. Here, we catalogue traders' sourcing across four sectors with high rates of commodity-driven deforestation: South American soy, Côte d'Ivoire cocoa, Indonesian palm oil, and Brazilian live cattle exports. We show that traders often source more than 40% of commodities 'indirectly' via local intermediaries, and that indirect sourcing is a major blind spot for sustainable sourcing initiatives. To eliminate deforestation, indirect sourcing must be included in sectoral initiatives, and landscape or jurisdictional approaches, which internalize indirect sourcing, must be scaled up.