The effects of experimental lesions in the frontal sector of the cerebral cortex upon learned behavior have been studied in several subhuman mammalian species :

No-suicide contracts" (NSCs) are commonly used in community crisis situations. Eight patients and nine nurses were interviewed to explore both how NSCs affect clinical outcomes and how suicidal persons experience their usage. The results suggest that suicide management decisions may be negatively affected and that some patients find the use of the tool to be unhelpful. While further research is needed, the results of this study suggest that careful consideration be given before NSCs are used in community crisis situations. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 3:241-246 (2002)]

The present study explores the journeys towards full citizenship for those using mental health services as they lobbied to be included as full citizens with the same rights and responsibilities as others in society. Qualitative data were collected through semistructured interviews with 17 service users, five government representatives, and seven registered mental health nurses. A conceptual framework of citizenship containing four domains - the extent, content, depth and acts of citizenship - was used to analyse the data. This paper reports the findings from the service users' data in the first domain, the extent of citizenship, defined as the rules and norms of inclusion and exclusion. The degree to which the service user participants were accepted as full citizens with the same civil, political, and social rights as others was contingent on their ability to adopt their society's rules and norms and appear as 'normal' citizens. Participants often experienced being 'othered' and excluded from the many rights and responsibilities of citizenship due to society's perception that service users lack certain attributes of normal, productive citizens. Participants reported that being labelled with a mental illness led to them being marginalized and ostracized, thus placing conditions and barriers on their citizenship status. Findings show that in response to experiencing conditional citizenship, participants shaped their behaviour to assimilate with other citizens. As well, they engaged in practices of inclusion to challenge and broaden the social rules and norms in order to be accepted without disavowing their differences.

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summarized in Table 1. The initial operated groups were sacrificed on completion of the delayed-re* sponse retest. The previously intact controls received frontal ablation at this time and were tested for postoperative retention of delayed response.

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