In the last two decades, there has been a rich debate about the environmental degradation that results from exposure to solid urban waste. Growing public concern with environmental issues has led to the implementation of various strategic plans for waste management in several developed countries, especially in the European Union. In this paper, the relationships were assessed between economic growth, renewable energy extraction and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the waste sector. The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis was analysed for the member states of the European Union, in the presence of electricity generation, landfill and GHG emissions for the period 1995 to 2012. The results revealed that there is no inverted-U-shaped relationship between income and GHG emissions in European Union countries. The renewable fuel extracted from waste contributes to a reduction in GHG, and although the electricity produced also increases emissions somewhat, they would be far greater if the waste-based generation of renewable energy did not take place. The waste sector needs to strengthen its political, economic, institutional and social communication instruments to meet its aims for mitigating the levels of pollutants generated by European economies. To achieve the objectives of the Horizon 2020 programme, currently in force in the countries of the European Union, it will be necessary to increase the share of renewable energy in the energy mix.
Resumen: La coyuntura socio ambiental y urbana de los municipios brasileños tiene como principal desafío la gestión ambiental en su espacio. Por medio de una investigación en el campo y utilizando estadística descriptiva, fue realizada una caracterización del perfil económico de las empresas de residuos sólidos en Cuiabá y Várzea Grande (Brasil). Los resultados indican que el sector fue responsable por el reciclaje de un 30,3% de los residuos en estos municipios brasileños en el año de 2010, sin que el Gobierno haya ayudado las firmas con políticas económicas. Las inversiones totales privadas llegaron a 1,2 millones de reales, generando empleos y renta en la economía local, en los sectores comercial, industrial y cooperativo. El mercado de reciclaje es parte estratégica hacia el desafío de la modernización en la gestión de los residuos sólidos. La creación de políticas públicas e incentivos fiscales para el sector productivo es un costo de oportunidad que puede apalancar las tasas de reciclaje. El trabajo proporciona importantes aspectos sociales y económicos de la gestión de los residuos sólidos en centros urbanos. Palabras-clave: Medio ambiente, reciclaje, residuos sólidos. Abstract:The environmental and urban context of the Brazilian municipalities have the challenge of environmental management in their space. Through field research and statistic was characterized the economic profile of the solid waste companies in Cuiaba and Várzea Grande in Mato Grosso. The results showed that the sector was responsible for 30.3% of waste, without assistance from the government. Private investment was 1.2 million, generating employment and income into three segments "commercial", "industrial" and "cooperative." The recycling market is strategic to the challenge of modernization of solid waste management. The creation of public policies and tax incentives for the sector is the opportunity cost of leveraging the recycling production adjusted structure installed. The work provides important socioeconomic and MSW management aspects in urban spaces.
This article has three aims: i) to carry out a current literature review of solid waste sector (MSW); ii) identify the main directions of studies of empirical and theoretical background, followed by modern research; iii) hierarchically them considering the economic scope, public policy, environmental management and operator system. This study was conducted by reviewing studies on the waste sector with content published in major international journals. The results seem to suggest there is no single standard approach in these studies, but contains key elements under the theoretical umbrella "cost" and "efficiency." The lack of literature on the production structure of the recycling sector is central issue in the current debate on MSW for convergence of approaches on account and economic costs, transaction costs, logistics, externalities and market failures. These questions is crucial to shed light to ways and scope of research on MSW at interdisciplinary and political discussions.
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