This chapter explores the Amazon’s biocultural diversity, focusing on IPLCs’ worldviews, knowledge systems, livelihood strategies, and governance regimes. It synthesizes the main social and political processes that have led to the formal recognition of IPLCs’ lands and/or territories across the Amazon. The chapter highlights IPLCs’ critical role in using, shaping, conserving, and restoring Amazonian ecosystems and biodiversity, despite historic ongoing processes including violence, displacement, and conflicts between conservation and development agendas.

Resumo: O Aikanã, língua indígena geneticamente isolada do sul de Rondônia, tem uma maneira de expressar o tempo futuro verbal que é, à primeira vista, algo surpreendente. A construção, que é obrigatória para o tempo futuro, envolve, além de um morfema de futuro (-re-, ou futuro remoto-ta-), sempre um morfema da primeira pessoa (seja singular ou plural), independente de o verbo estar flexionado para pessoa (seja primeira ou não). Consequentemente, o tempo futuro em Aikanã sempre envolve dois marcadores pessoais no verbo, que correspondem gramaticalmente em número com o sujeito do verbo, mas não necessariamente em pessoa. Mesmo assim, como é demonstrado, ainda que não correspondam no nível gramatical, os marcadores correspondem em pessoa no nível discursivo. Para pesquisadores tentando investigar a língua, esse tipo de construção sempre foi enigmático. Porém, hoje, com um pouco mais de conhecimento sobre construções parecidas em línguas vizinhas (mesmo sendo línguas geneticamente não relacionadas), ficou claro como essa construção tem uma base cognitiva concreta na gramática e na semântica da língua, envolvendo citação fictícia. Palavras-chave: Aikanã. Marcação recursiva de pessoa. Citação fictícia. Traços areais. Rondônia. Abstract: Aikanã, an indigenous isolate language, is spoken in the south of the state of Rondônia, Brazil, and it has a way of expressing future tense that is, at first sight, somewhat surprising. In addition to a future morpheme (-re-, or remote future-ta-), the construction involves an obligatory first person morpheme (either singular or plural), independent of whether the verb is already inflected for person (first person or not). Consequently, future tense in Aikanã always involves two person markers on the verb, which correspond grammatically in number with the verb's subject, but not necessarily in person. Although these person markers do not correspond with one another on the grammatical level, it will be shown that they do correspond on the discourse level. For researchers attempting to analyse the language, this construction has always been enigmatic. Recently, however, as more knowledge about similar constructions in the neighbouring languages has become available (even though they are genetically unrelated languages), it has become clear how the Aikanã future construction has a concrete cognitive basis in the grammar and semantics of the language, involving fictive quotation.

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This article explores and compares multilingualism in small-scale societies of Western Africa and Lowland South America. All are characterized by complex and extensive multilingual practices and regional exchange systems established before the onset of globalization and its varying impacts. Through overviews of the general historical and organizational features of regions, vignette case studies, and a discussion of transformative processes affecting them, we show that small-scale multilingual societies present challenges to existing theorization of language as well 2 as approaches to language description and documentation. We aim to bring these societies and issues to the fore, promoting discussion within a broader audience.

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