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MG scores between lids were significantly different but correlated. MG loss was significantly correlated to tear film characteristics including lipid layer thickness and stability. MG thickness and bent angle of the UL were related to NIBUT. The combination of both lids' MG loss showed best predictive ability of dry eye.

Contact lens wearers with dryness symptoms exhibit significantly more LWE and LIPCOF, but not increased corneal staining, bulbar hyperaemia or decreased PLBUT. LWE and LIPCOF are significantly correlated: this may reflect their common frictional origin. LIPCOF Sum severity scores appear to be most predictive for symptoms.

Meibomian gland dysfunction is one of the most common causes of dry eye resulting in morphology changes to the meibomian glands. Meibography provides an in vivo means to assess the structure of the meibomian gland. Over the past 40 years, meibography has undergone significant development regarding its application to research and clinical practice. This review describes the evolution of the various meibography techniques, grading methods, and their diagnostic relevance.

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Purpose To evaluate (i) the relationship between traditional and new clinical tests (lid-wiper epitheliopathy (LWE), lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF)) and dry eye symptoms in non-contact lens wearers, and (ii) that a combination of these tests can improve predictive ability for the development of dry eye symptoms. Methods Tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT), ocular hyperaemia, LIPCOF, phenol red thread test (PRTT), corneal and conjunctival staining, and LWE grades were observed in a cohort of 47 healthy, non-lens wearers (male ¼ 17, female ¼ 30, median age ¼ 35 years, range ¼ 19-70). Symptoms were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Results LWE was significantly correlated to both temporal and nasal LIPCOF (0.537or o0.607, Po0.05). LIPCOF and LWE were significantly correlated to NIBUT and PRTT (r4À0.248, Po0.001). Significant correlations were found between NIBUT and TMH (r ¼ 0.461, P ¼ 0.001) and PRTT (r ¼ 0.640, Po0.001). OSDI scores were significant correlated to NIBUT, TMH, PRTT, LIPCOF, and LWE (r4|0.31|; Po0.05). Significant discriminators of OSDI þ /À were NIBUT (area under the receiver operative characteristic curve (AUC) ¼ 0.895), TMH (0.715), PRTT (0.781), LIPCOF (temporal/nasal/Sum 0.748/0.828/0.816), and LWE (0.749). Best predictive ability was achieved by combining NIBUT with nasal LIPCOF (AUC ¼ 0.944). Conclusions The individual tests NIBUT, TMH, PRTT, LIPCOF, and LWE were significantly, but moderately, related to OSDI scores. The strongest relationship appeared by combining NIBUT with nasal LIPCOF.