Purpose-To evaluate the safety, toxicity, in vivo immunologic activation, and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of EMD 273063 (hu14.18-IL-2) in patients with metastatic melanoma.Patients and Methods-Thirty-three patients were treated with EMD 273063, a humanized anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) linked to interleukin-2 (IL-2). EMD 273063 was given as a 4-hour intravenous infusion on days 1, 2, and 3 of week 1. Patients with stabilization or regression of disease could receive a second course of treatment at week 5. Dose levels evaluated were 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, 6.0, and 7.5 mg/m 2 /d.Results-Nineteen of 33 patients completed course 1 with stable disease and went on to receive course 2. Eight patients had stable disease on completion of course 2. Grade 3 adverse events included hypophosphatemia (11 patients), hyperglycemia (three patients), hypotension (two patients), thrombocytopenia (one patient), hypoxia (three patients), elevated hepatic transaminases (two patients), and hyperbilirubinemia (one patient). Opioids were required for treatment-associated arthralgias and/or myalgias during 17 of 52 treatment courses. No grade 4 adverse events were observed. Dose-limiting toxicities at the MTD included hypoxia, hypotension, and elevations in AST/ ALT. Grade 3 toxicities were anticipated based on prior studies of IL-2 or anti-GD2 mAbs, and all resolved. Immune activation was induced, as measured by lymphocytosis, increased peripheral-blood natural killer activity, and cell numbers, and increased serum levels of the soluble alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor complex. Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest are found at the end of this article. Authors' Disclosures of Potential Conflicts of InterestThe following authors or their immediate family members have indicated a financial interest. No conflict exists for drugs or devices used in a study if they are not being evaluated as part of the investigation. Acted as a consultant within the last 2 years: Ralph Reisfeld, EMD. Served as an officer or member of the Board of a company: Stephen D. Gillies, EMD. Received more than $2,000 per year from a company for either of the last 2 years: Stephen D. Gillies, EMD.Supported by grant Nos. CA32685, CA14520, CA87025, CA81403, and RR03186 from the National Institutes of Health and a grant from the Midwest Athletes for Childhood Cancer Fund. Partial personnel support was provided by EMD for data management required by EMD for this study, which was beyond the clinical research and data monitoring required for this National Cancer Institute-supported study. NIH Public Access

Phase I testing of the hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine in melanoma patients (pts) showed immune activation, reversible toxicities, and a maximal tolerated dose of 7.5 mg/m2/day. In this phase II study, fourteen pts with measurable metastatic melanoma were scheduled to receive hu14.18-IL2 at 6 mg/m2/day as 4-hour intravenous infusions on days 1, 2 and 3 of each 28 day cycle. Pts with stable disease (SD) or regression following cycle 2 could receive 2 additional treatment cycles. The primary objective was to evaluate anti-tumor activity and response duration. Secondary objectives evaluated adverse events and immunologic activation. All pts received 2 cycles of treatment. One pt had a partial response (PR) [1 PR of 14 pts = response rate of 7.1%; confidence interval 0.2%−33.9%] and 4 pts had SD and received cycles 3 & 4. The PR and SD responses lasted 3–4 months. All toxicities were reversible and those resulting in dose reduction included grade 3 hypotension (2 pts) and grade 2 renal insufficiency with oliguria (1 pt). Pts had a peripheral blood lymphocytosis on day 8 and increased C-reactive protein. While one PR in 14 pts met protocol criteria to proceed to stage 2 and enter 16 additional pts, we suspended stage 2 due to limited availability of hul 4.18-IL2 at that time and the brief duration of PR and SD. We conclude that subsequent testing of hu14.18-IL2 should involve melanoma patients with minimal residual disease based on compelling preclinical data and the confirmed immune activation with some antitumor activity in this study.

Effective eradication of established tumor and generation of a lasting systemic immune response are the goals of cancer immunotherapy. The objective of this phase IB study was to assess the safety and toxicity of treatment to metastatic tumor underlying the skin with the DNA encoding interleukin-12 (IL-12). This treatment strategy allowed the patient's own tumor to serve as a source of autologous antigen in the tumor microenvironment. We proposed that IL-12 protein produced by the transfected cells would result in the generation of both a local and systemic antitumor response. The tumor was treated with either three or six intratumoral injections of plasmid containing IL-12 DNA. This treatment strategy resulted in no significant local or systemic toxicity. The treatment did not result in an increase in serum IL-12 protein. The size of the treated lesion decreased significantly (greater than 30%) in five of the 12 patients. However, nontreated subcutaneous lesions or other disease did not decrease in size.

Purpose: We examined in vivo particle-mediated epidermal delivery (PMED) of cDNAs for gp100 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) into uninvolved skin of melanoma patients. The aims of this phase I study were to assess the safety and immunologic effects of PMED of these genes in melanoma patients. Experimental Design: Two treatment groups of six patients each were evaluated. Group I received PMED with cDNA for gp100, and group II received PMED with cDNA for GM-CSF followed by PMED for gp100 at the same site. One vaccine site per treatment cycle was biopsied and divided for protein extraction and sectioning to assess transgene expression, gold-bead penetration, and dendritic cell infiltration. Exploratory immunologic monitoring of HLA-A2+ patients included flow cytometric analyses of peripheral blood lymphocytes and evaluation of delayed-type hypersensitivity to gp100 peptide. Results: Local toxicity in both groups was mild and resolved within 2 weeks. No systemic toxicity could be attributed to the vaccines. Monitoring for autoimmunity showed no induction of pathologic autoantibodies. GM-CSF transgene expression in vaccinated skin sites was detected. GM-CSF and gp100 PMED yielded a greater infiltration of dendritic cells into vaccine sites than did gp100 PMED only. Exploratory immunologic monitoring suggested modest activation of an antimelanoma response. Conclusions: PMED with cDNAs for gp100 alone or in combination with GM-CSF is well tolerated by patients with melanoma. Moreover, pathologic autoimmunity was not shown. This technique yields biologically active transgene expression in normal human skin. Although modest immune responses were observed, additional investigation is needed to determine how to best utilize PMED to induce antimelanoma immune responses.

The genomic clones encoding lignin peroxidase isozyme H8 and two closely related genes were isolated from Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-1767, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The positions and approximate lengths of introns were found to be highly conserved in all three clones. Analysis of homokaryotic derivatives indicated that the three clones are not alleles of the same gene(s).

New therapies are needed to improve the prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of weekly paclitaxel in patients with metastatic melanoma. Patients received paclitaxel at 80 mg/m over 1 h, weekly for 3 weeks, followed by a 1-week rest period. Disease status was assessed every other cycle. Treatment was continued until patients experienced either disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Twenty-seven patients were enrolled in this phase II clinical trial. Of these patients, two were subsequently determined to be ineligible. All patients, however, were considered to be evaluable for toxicity and all patients were included for response assessment in an intention-to-treat analysis. Patients received paclitaxel for a median of two cycles (range, <1-8). None of the 27 patients showed a response to treatment. Eight patients had stable disease. The median progression-free survival was 1.8 months (95% confidence interval, 1.7-2.5 months) and the median survival was 7.6 months (95% confidence interval, 4.7-9.7 months). The most common grade 3 toxicity was neutropenia (four patients) and one patient had grade 4 neutropenia. Other treatment-related grade 3 toxicities included hypersensitivity reaction (one patient) and diarrhoea (one patient). Of note, five patients had peripheral neuropathy; however, in each case, the neuropathy was only grade 1. Weekly paclitaxel is relatively well tolerated and can maintain disease stability for some metastatic melanoma patients. Unfortunately, the anti-tumour activity of this single-agent therapy is low and additional treatment innovations are needed.

Sequence analysis of Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblast cDNA clones, which code for UV radiationinducible transcripts, revealed that many of the clones corresponded to metaflothioneins (MTs) I and II. A third cDNA clone, DDIU4, was found also to code for a similar-size UV-inducible transcript which was unrelated to MT by both sequence analysis and kinetics of induction. MTI and MTII RNAs rapidly increased in V79 cells within 1 h after UV irradiation, and maximum induction was seen by 4 h. This rapid induction of MT RNA by UV irradiation was not observed in human fibroblasts. MTI and MTII were coordinately induced in both time course and dose-response experiments, although the induction of MTII, up to 30-fold, was three to four times greater than that of MTI. The induction of MT did not appear to be a general stress response, since no increase occurred after exposure to X rays or H202.Metallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous low-molecularweight proteins with a high cysteine content (6). In addition to their well-characterized induction by metal salts and role in metal homeostasis (6), other functions have been suggested for MTs on the basis of their induction by a variety of different stresses. For example, in vivo MT levels are also increased by glucocorticoids, interferon, surgical trauma, tissue inflammation, and X-irradiation, as well as during certain developmental stages (6, 10). A role in the protection from genotoxic stress by radical damage has been suggested (6, 9) on the basis of the observation that MTs can function in vivo as hydroxyl radical scavengers (12). In rodents, MT induction by zinc or surgical trauma has been shown to provide some radioprotection against X rays (10).Further evidence for a role of MTs in the cellular response to DNA damage is the induction of MTs by DNA-damaging agents. In particular, Angel et al. (1) have found a threefold induction of MTII RNA in human fibroblasts 48 h after UV irradiation or 72 h after exposure to mitomycin C. MTII was one of several transcripts whose induction was found to be mediated by an extracellular protein factor, EPIF, which is secreted by human fibroblasts after exposure to the tumor promoter 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate or to DNAdamaging agents such as UV (1, MATERIALS AND METHODSCells and cell treatment. Chinese hamster cell lines V79 (lung fibroblasts) and CHO-Kl (ovarian cells) and human fibroblast strains AG1522 (Correll Institute for Medical Research) from a normal individual and XP12BE from a xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A patient were grown as previously described (3, 4). All experiments were performed with exponentially growing cells. Cells were irradiated with UV as previously described (3); the fluence was measured at 254 nm. For treatment with H202, a stock solution was added directly to the tissue culture medium for 1 h, and the cells were harvested for RNA analysis 4 h after the start of treatment.Isolation and analysis of RNA. Cells were lysed in situ with guanidine thiocyanate for RNA isolation; poly(A) RNA ...

Lignin biodegradation is catalyzed in part by ligninases, also known as lignin peroxidases (1-4). We have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding ligninase isozyme H8 from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The gene is interrupted by eight introns, ranging in size from 49 to 69 bp, which are distributed throughout the gene. Putative transcriptional control signals (underlined) include a CAAT at position -110 and a TATA box at -81 relative to the translational initiation codon. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region is identical to the cDNA sequence published previously (5), except for a GC at positions 591-592 instead of CG, resulting in an Arg to Ala substitution.-