Sensory hair cells of the auditory organ are generated during embryogenesis and remain postmitotic throughout life. Previous work has shown that inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p19Ink4d leads to progressive hearing loss attributable to inappropriate DNA replication and subsequent apoptosis of hair cells. Here we show the synergistic action of another CKI, p21 Cip1 , on cell cycle reactivation. The codeletion of p19Ink4d and p21 Cip1 triggered profuse S-phase entry of auditory hair cells during a restricted period in early postnatal life, leading to the transient appearance of supernumerary hair cells. In addition, we show that aberrant cell cycle reentry leads to activation of a DNA damage response pathway in these cells, followed by p53-mediated apoptosis. The majority of hair cells were absent in adult cochleas. These data, together with the demonstration of changing expression patterns of multiple CKIs in auditory hair cells during the stages of early postnatal maturation, show that the maintenance of the postmitotic state is an active, tissue-specific process, cooperatively regulated by several CKIs, and is critical for the lifelong survival of these sensory cells.

Sensory hair cells and supporting cells of the mammalian cochlea and vestibular (balance) organs exit the cell cycle during embryogenesis and do not proliferate thereafter. Here, we have studied the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of the postmitotic state and the proliferative capacity of these cells. We provide the first evidence of the role of cyclin D1 in cell cycle regulation in these cells. Cyclin D1 expression disappeared from embryonic hair cells as differentiation started. The expression was transiently upregulated in cochlear hair cells early postnatally, paralleling the spatiotemporal pattern of unscheduled cell cycle re-entry of cochlear hair cells from the p19(Ink4d)/p21(Cip1) compound mutant mice. Cyclin D1 misexpression in vitro in neonatal vestibular HCs from these mutant mice triggered S-phase re-entry. Thus, cyclin D1 suppression is important for hair cell's quiescence, together with the maintained expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. In contrast to hair cells, cyclin D1 expression was maintained in supporting cells when differentiation started. The expression continued during the neonatal period when supporting cells have been shown to re-enter the cell cycle upon stimulation with exogenous mitogens. Thereafter, the steep decline in supporting cell's proliferative activity paralleled with cyclin D1 downregulation. Thus, cyclin D1 critically contributes to the proliferative plasticity of supporting cells. These data suggest that targeted cyclin D1 induction in supporting cells might be an avenue for proliferative regeneration in the inner ear.

Fear of Scooping as a Disincentive to Sharing'There is always this fear, that someone steals your ideas, or is doing the same thing at the same time, and some people fear it more than other people, I think especially younger people, also some older. I think this causes a lot of stress to the scientists, and it has happened to me. […] you try not to think about it, you still think that what if someone else is doing the same thing and this is useless work, so then it takes your energy.' (From the interview of research participant NMRLP A) Scooping is a research community slang term for having someone else claim priority, usually through publishing, to a research idea or result you yourself have been working on. This is considered a problem, because according to a widespread belief, academic journals value novelty and are reluctant to publish results that don't have a high enough novelty factor (Chambers 2016). Journals are the veins through which academic merit flows, so not making it to the high-impact journal of one's dreams could mean losing competitive edge in the race for tenure or funding. Scooping in science 1 is considered to be commonplace, practically an occupational hazard (Rodrigues 1998), even though there is little evidence on its volume or the supposed resulting adverse career effects (Schwarzkopf 2016). The fear persists nonetheless and could even be gaining strength because of another widespread fear, coined in the phrase 'publish or perish ' (Dhand 2002). 1 In this paper I use the term 'science' in the broadest possible sense, meaning all scholarly activity from natural science to human and engineering science. (Bishop 2015). A study commissioned by the Knowledge Exchange network reviewed incentives and disincentives for data sharing. Fear of competition, of being scooped and the resulting reduced publication opportunities were at the top of the list. According to the study, these fears affected especially early career researchers, but senior researchers were not entirely immune either (Van den Eynden & Bishop 2014).Those wishing to make open data more mainstream should subject these expressions of concern under careful analysis. They make visible the logic behind fears, thus holding a key to cultural change, as long as the fears are efficiently addressed. In order to achieve that, further empirical research is needed on the incentives and disincentives to sharing.In the case of fear of scooping this is not an easy task, since the problem is a culmination of two sensitive issues: misconduct and mistrust. Sometimes it is easier to study and understand a thing through its absence: why someone is not afraid of scooping, or shares despite the fear.I have interviewed key researchers from two radically open research collaboration projects for my PhD research. Which deals among other things with open research collaboration and responsible conduct of research. The projects in question have produced almost all of their content openly online in real-time, welcoming outside participation. One of the proje...

The purpose of this article is to examine the conceptual alignment between the ethical principles of research integrity and open science. Research integrity is represented in this study by four general codes of conduct on responsible conduct of research (RCR), three of them international in scope, and one national. A representative list of ethical principles associated with open science is compiled in order to create categories for assessing the content of the codes. According to the analysis, the current understanding of RCR is too focused on traditional publications and the so called FFP definition of research misconduct to fully support open science. The main gaps include recognising citizen science and societal outreach and supporting open collaboration both among the research community and beyond its traditional borders. Updates for both the content of CoCs as well as the processes of creating such guidelines are suggested.

Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön Avoin tiede ja tutkimus (ATT) -hanke tilasi keväällä 2017 Data-asiain kansalliskomitealta selvityksen tutkimusdataan viittaamisesta. Selvityksen tuloksena julkaistiin huhtikuussa 2018 dataviittaustiekartta suomalaiselle tiedeyhteisölle. Tiekartan tavoitteena on yhdenmukaistaa tutkimusdataan viittaamisen käytäntöjä, parantaa tutkimusdatan viittattavuutta sekä lisätä viittausmääriä. Tampereen teknillisen yliopiston kirjasto, Data-asiain kansalliskomitea ja Suomen yliopistojen rehtorineuvosto UNIFI ry järjestivät 18.5. Tampereella seminaarin Tutkimusdataan viittaaminen: tiekartasta käytäntöön -keskustelutilaisuuden dataviittaustiekartan toimeenpanosta. Tässä kirjoituksessa käymme läpi tutkimusdataan viittaamisen periaatteita ja käytäntöjä tiekartan ja keskustelutilaisuuden pohjalta. Tavoitteenamme on tehdä aihepiiriä tutuksi ja ymmärrettäväksi erityisesti tutkijoille.

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Heidi Laine evalúa la reivindicación, a menudo infundada, del artículo de revista como parte fundamental del proceso de comunicación en la investigación. ¿Es un artículo científico una ley de la naturaleza? Ella sostiene que el artículo de revista (al menos tal como lo conocemos) se convertirá en una cosa del pasado. Pronto será sustituido por informes de tipo artículo narrativo, blogs, wikis, grabaciones de vídeo y audio, documentos de conferencias y presentaciones.

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