No abstract

No abstract

Although rock-mass rating (RMR) and tunneling quality index (Q) systems are used in different rock engineering projects as empirical design tools, their application in tunnel design is widely accepted as these systems were developed and updated for this purpose specifically. This paper reviews the work conducted by various researchers since the development of these two systems with respect to tunneling only. Compared to other empirical classification systems, these systems received international acceptance and are still used as empirical design tools in tunneling due to their continuous updates in the form of characterization and support. As the primary output of these systems is the initial support design for tunnel, however, their use in the calculation for rock-mass properties is an essential contribution of these systems in rock engineering design. Essential for the tunnel design, these rock-mass properties include the modulus of deformation, strength, Poisson's ratio, Mohr-Coulomb parameters and Hoek-Brown constants. Other application for tunneling include the stand-up time and rock load. The uses and limitations of these systems as empirical tunnel design tools are also included in this review article for better results. Research to date indicates that if the ground behavior is also taken into account, the application of these empirical systems will be more beneficial to the preliminary design of tunnels.

The adsorption equilibria of toluene and gasoline vapors on activated carbon were measured by a static volumetric method. The equilibrium experiments were conducted at (298.15, 318.15, 338.15, 358.15, and 378.15) K and pressures up to 3.1 kPa for toluene and 8.0 kPa for gasoline. The experimental data obtained were correlated by the UNILAN and Sips models, which are generally used for microporous adsorbents such as activated carbon. The Henry constant was calculated to characterize interactions between adsorptive and adsorbent.

No abstract