Pb contamination in aquatic environments causes severe pollution; therefore, harmless absorbents are required. In this study, we report a novel synthesis of whitlockite (WH, Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12), which is the second most abundant biomineral in human bone, and its application as a high‐performing Pb2+ absorbent. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and WH are prepared via a simple precipitation method. The Pb2+ absorption performance and mechanism of the synthesized biominerals are investigated in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. The results demonstrate that WH exhibits an excellent Pb2+ absorption capacity of 2339 mg g−1, which is 1.68 times higher than the recorded value for HAP. Furthermore, the absorbed Pb2+ ions are recycled into high‐purity PbI2. This is employed as a precursor for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), resulting in a conversion efficiency of 19.00% comparable to that of commercial PbI2 powder (99.99% purity). Our approach provides an efficient way to remove Pb2+ ions from water and reuse them in the recycling of PSCs.
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been renewed annually, now recorded to 25.7%, which is the highest efficiency for thin‐film solar cells, raising expectations for commercialization. However, the PSCs have a massive technical lack in entering the photovoltaic industry because of the low PCE of perovskite solar modules (PSMs), poor stability, high levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and environmental issues. Here, cutting‐edge studies for overcoming the challenges faced by commercialization of PSCs are discussed. First, the reduction of the efficiency gap between small‐area PSCs and the large‐area PSMs via the solution process is reviewed. Second, the strategies for stable PSMs are discussed to reduce the LCOE. In addition, the environmental issues for manufacturing and sustainable use of PSMs are dealt with and it is demonstrated that the recycling/reuse of PSMs is the most promising way to reduce the manufacturing costs. Finally, it is suggested that the life cycle assessment system from manufacturing to recycling/reuse for PSMs is the key technology to resolve the commercialization issues of PSCs.
Due to the excellent charge mobility and tunable composition engineering, halide materials are being considered as new resistive switching (RS) memory materials. However, conventional halide materials‐based RS memory devices primarily comprise lead‐based compounds and solution‐based processes, implying that researching new compositions for eco‐friendly RS memory one‐by‐one synthesis would be extremely time consuming. This study reports the fabrication of an eco‐friendly RS memory composition using a combinatorial physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. The fabricated films are classified into three device types: RS memory, write‐only‐read‐many, and insulator device type, based on the mole fraction of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3). The 0.75BiI3–0.25Bi2S3 mixture devices exhibit reliable and stable RS memory characteristics with an electroforming‐free process. Additionally, the study of cohesive, formation, and migration energies via first‐principles simulations demonstrate that the type of device changes because of their inability to develop and migrate their anion vacancies, implying that the amorphous nature of the device cannot retard the movement of iodine vacancies. This study is the first to investigate a new composition of eco‐friendly halide materials‐based RS memory via the combinatorial PVD method. These findings will serve as a powerful tool for investigating new compositions of eco‐friendly RS memory.
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