La pérdida de comunicación en la clase magistral sucede cuando el docente considera, quizá de forma tácita, que los contenidos vertidos son productos orales completos e ignora que, en realidad, no son entidades dadas y acabadas porque requieren de la colaboración de los estudiantes. Frente a dicha concepción, este artículo propone un encuadre conversacional como modelo dialógico de referencia en la dinámica de las clases expositivas lideradas por el docente en el aula universitaria. Situados en el dominio de la psicología de la comunicación, el carácter indudablemente poliédrico de la interacción participativa considera idónea la aplicación de la observación sistemática como metodología a seguir. El foco de este trabajo consiste en presentar la fundamentación, la definición y las decisiones metodológicas para la construcción de un instrumento de observación de la clase magistral conformado por la combinación de formato de campo y sistemas de categorías.
IntroductionArticles published in scientific journals, concerning the present and future of the lecture format in university education in the twenty-first century are framed within organizational settings that drive teaching methodologies in line with educational policies. The following two research questions have arisen from articles in which debate the continuity of this teaching modality and propose improvements of a different nature: (1) Is there an interest in renovating the lecture format among the international research community whose remit is university teaching methods? and (2) What improvements to the lecture format do the reviewed articles suggest, within the framework of the communicative matrix of interactive learning?MethodWe have carried out a systematic review guided by the PRISMA approach, emphasizing the interest in methodological conceptual commitment, paying attention to documents published in journals with an impact factor. The search strategy was applied homogeneously in three databases: ERIC, PsycInfo, and Web of Science, following the systematic process of inclusion/exclusion.ResultsForty-five articles were selected with a range of 0–78 quotations, from different fields of knowledge and five continents; 12 articles are from journals with a JCR impact factor. The journal articles cover communicative (21), cognitive (13) and active-practical perspectives (11); the predominant governing aim of the analyzed improvements is connected with the attendees’ academic performance results (24); the reviewed studies belong mainly to the quantitative paradigm (42). The considerations derived from the results (45) cover formative, technical and/or critical aspects.Discussion and conclusionsWhilst positively valuing all these efforts promoted by the European Higher Education Area, we have also verified the lack of contributions in line with our concerns that embrace the need to develop an in-depth conceptualization, supported by a methodology that is sensitive to the complexity of the oral communication format between an expert actor and non-specialized actors who wish to connect and collaborate with the expert in the production of knowledge.
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