Segregation from solutions and melts is compared theoretically. It is shown from thermodynamic arguments that equilibrium solution segregation is more effective. Segregation coefficients k0 are calculated for aqueous alkali halide systems, based upon theoretical heat of dissolution values (solid solution) and solubility data (liquid solution). Good agreement with experimental values is obtained over a range of 1 > k0 > 10−4. A critical discussion of the available experimental data and limitation of the thermodynamic theory in terms of off-equilibrium phenomena is given.
There are many ways to visualize flow, either for laminar or turbulent flows. A very convincing way to show laminar and turbulent flows is by the perturbations on the surface of a beam of water coming out of a cylindrical tube. Photographs, taken with a flash, show the nature of the flow of water in pipes. They clearly show the difference between turbulent and laminar flow, and let, in an accessible way, data be taken to analyse the conditions under which both flows are present. We found research articles about turbulence measurements, using sophisticated equipment, but they do not use the perturbation of the free surface of the flowing liquid to show or measure the turbulence.
Thermoluminescence measurements of β-irradiated Eu 2+ -and Ca 2+ -doped KCl 1−x KBr x solid solutions excited at room temperature have been carried out to identify the effect of composition on the glow peaks. A typical glow peak has been distinguished for each composition. A linear dependence of its temperature on the composition x has been found. These results indicate that for divalent impurity-doped alkali halide solid solutions these glow peak temperatures are mostly dependent on the lattice constant of the host than on the size of the anion or impurity cation.
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