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PurposeThis study examines the benefits and potential applications of integrating augmented reality (AR) technology into landscape design education to create a more rewarding educational environment that provides an interesting learning atmosphere and deepens students' knowledge of the landscape design process.Design/methodology/approachExperimental method was conducted on the fourth-year architecture students at Port Said University. The experiment went through the following steps: a mobile-based AR application was designed, some exercises were developed and the students performed them using the application, and a questionnaire was formulated and distributed to the students to examine their feedback on integrating AR into the course.FindingsThe success of the experiment was evaluated based on the students' progress, tracked by the instructor, in the exercises and their feedback acquired from the questionnaire. The study found that the integration of AR with traditional teaching methods is perceived as being useful and having a positive impact on landscape design education.Originality/valueLessons learned from this study can help architectural educators in planning to use AR in their curricula to enrich architectural education.

The architectural interest in parametric design has grown dramatically in the last few decades. However, there is a confusion between parametric and digital architecture, as a result of the conflict in defining the parametric architecture roots. Moreover, this research aims to settle on the origins of parametric architecture, and define the most important factors that influenced the development of it, assuming that the emergence of digital tools has the greatest impact on it. In this regard, the history of parametric architecture was divided into two historical eras: the first is the pre-digital era, and the second is the digital era. In each era, the most prominent parametric projects were reviewed and analyzed to deduce the most important evolution features in terms of capabilities, goals, characteristics, scale, and phase of application for both of eras and conclude the impact of digital tools on parametric architecture. It was found that the roots of parametric architecture go back thousands of years, but it has developed greatly, and the digital tools had the most influence on this development. Despite this, the pre-digital era could not be considered as a single phase as it passed through two main phases, which differ greatly in characteristics.