How many school psychologists are there in each country of the world? Findings from this study indicate over 76,100 school psychologists throughout 48 countries from which estimates were available as of 2007. When considering the total number of school psychologists in a given country, it is essential to also consider the number of school-age children. The school psychologist-to-student ratio provides an omnibus indicator of the development of the profession of school psychology in countries around the world. Calculations revealed a wide range of school psychologist-to-school-age children ratios in countries around the globe. It is notable that many of the countries with the largest populations of school-age children in the world have the fewest school psychologists. Ideas for future scholarship that will further enhance our understanding of school psychology internationally are discussed.
This study examined each of the 192 Member States of the United Nations to address three important questions: (1) how many countries have professionals who provide school psychology services; (2) which countries do and do not have school psychologists; (3) what evidence of school psychology is available in each country. Of the 192 Member States of the United Nations there was evidence of school psychology in 83. Furthermore, this study revealed evidence of: regulations that require school psychologists to be licensed, registered or credentialed in 29 countries; professional associations specifically for school psychologists in 39 countries; university preparation programs for school psychologists in 56 countries and doctoral preparation programs in school psychology in 19 countries. This study advances our knowledge of the profession of school psychology as of 2007.
Amphiphilic Janus particles self-assemble into complex metastructures, but little is known about how their assembly might be modified by weak interactions with a nearby biological membrane surface. Here, we report an integrated experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study to investigate the self-assembly of amphiphilic Janus particles on a lipid membrane. We created an experimental system in which Janus particles are allowed to self-assemble in the same medium where zwitterionic lipids form giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Janus particles spontaneously concentrated on the inner leaflet of the GUVs. They exhibited biased orientation and heterogeneous rotational dynamics as revealed by single particle rotational tracking. The combined experimental and simulation results show that Janus particles concentrate on the lipid membranes due to weak particle-lipid attraction, whereas the biased orientation of particles is driven predominantly by inter-particle interactions. This study demonstrates the potential of using lipid membranes to influence the self-assembly of Janus particles.
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