BACKGROUND: Young adults with disabilities in their early career years face limited access to high wage/high skill jobs, barriers in the workplace, and inadequate opportunities for career retention and advancement. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this literature review was to examine the process of career development for young adults with disabilities entering the workforce and document strategies for vocational rehabilitation counselors to facilitate career advancement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the online databases Academic Search Premier, ERIC, and PsychInfo. Key words for the search included the terms: disabilities, emerging adulthood, young adults, career advancement, vocational development, and early career. Articles included in this review met the following criteria: (a) published in peer reviewed journals in or after the year 2000, (b) findings addressed either processes, barriers, or strategies for emerging adults with disabilities entering the workforce. RESULTS: Major barriers to career advancement include: a) lack of work experience and restricted aspirations, b) sporadic patterns of early employment, c) limited access to postsecondary education and training, and d) discrimination and prejudice in the workforce. Strategies to enhance early career development included: a) developing individual attributes and skills, b) broadening the range of careers explored, c) creating initial work experience opportunities, d) obtaining postsecondary education/training, e) providing supports to facilitate advancement on the job, and f) advocating for changes in the workplace. CONCLUSIONS: Using an ecological framework to impact individual skills, create training opportunities, and enhance work place environments, rehabilitation counselors can help young adults with disabilities gain equal access to career options and ultimately achieve economic independence and stability.programs and improving post-school employment outcomes, young adults with disabilities in their early career years are more likely to be unemployed, underemployed, or living below the poverty line than their non-disabled peers [9,55].As young people with disabilities gain vocational skills and prepare to enter the workforce, they face an increasingly competitive labor market. In 2011, unemployment rates for young adults with disabilities ages 16 to 24 were 13 to 16% higher than for those without disabilities [9]. Individuals with disabilities are also more likely to be living in poverty and less likely to live
SUMMARYProstaglandin E2 was released from isolated, perfused lungs of guinea-pigs and rats as a result of embolizing the lungs with several types of particle in the size range 1-120 p diameter. This observation may partly explain the haemodynamic effects of pulmonary embolism in man in which the release of powerful vasoactive substances other than histamine has long been suspected. THE intravenous injection of particulate material is liable to cause hypotension, hyperventilation, and bronchospasm-so-called ' colloid shock'. This has long been known and has been described following the injection of a wide variety of substances. What is the mechanism of this reaction ? We cannot attribute it to a direct action of the particles on the systemic blood-vessels, or even on the heart, because the particles would not reach those parts of the circulation. Nor can we believe that it is physical plugging of vessels in the lungs which impairs the flow of blood and air; the reaction can be caused by quantities of material altogether too small to produce major mechanical effects. It seems clear that nervous or humoral reactions are involved. Many workers have shown that the vagus nerves are stimulated by pulmonary micro-embolism (Megibow, Katz, and
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