BackgroundChanging diet and physical activity behaviour is one of the cornerstones of type 2 diabetes treatment, but changing behaviour is challenging. The objective of this study was to identify behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and intervention features of dietary and physical activity interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes that are associated with changes in HbA1c and body weight.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of papers published between 1975–2015 describing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that focused exclusively on both diet and physical activity. The constituent BCTs, intervention features and methodological rigour of these interventions were evaluated. Changes in HbA1c and body weight were meta-analysed and examined in relation to use of BCTs.ResultsThirteen RCTs were identified. Meta-analyses revealed reductions in HbA1c at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of -1.11 % (12 mmol/mol), -0.67 % (7 mmol/mol), -0.28 % (3 mmol/mol) and -0.26 % (2 mmol/mol) with an overall reduction of -0.53 % (6 mmol/mol [95 % CI -0.74 to -0.32, P < 0.00001]) in intervention groups compared to control groups. Meta-analyses also showed a reduction in body weight of -2.7 kg, -3.64 kg, -3.77 kg and -3.18 kg at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, overall reduction was -3.73 kg (95 % CI -6.09 to -1.37 kg, P = 0.002).Four of 46 BCTs identified were associated with >0.3 % reduction in HbA1c: ‘instruction on how to perform a behaviour’, ‘behavioural practice/rehearsal’, ‘demonstration of the behaviour’ and ‘action planning’, as were intervention features ‘supervised physical activity’, ‘group sessions’, ‘contact with an exercise physiologist’, ‘contact with an exercise physiologist and a dietitian’, ‘baseline HbA1c >8 %’ and interventions of greater frequency and intensity.ConclusionsDiet and physical activity interventions achieved clinically significant reductions in HbA1c at three and six months, but not at 12 and 24 months. Specific BCTs and intervention features identified may inform more effective structured lifestyle intervention treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0436-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: Conducting research in partnership with stakeholders (e.g. policy-makers, practitioners, organisations, patients) is a promising and popular approach to improving the implementation of research findings in policy and practice. This study aimed to identify the principles, strategies, outcomes and impacts reported in different types of reviews of research partnerships in order to obtain a better understanding of the scope of the research partnership literature. Methods: This review of reviews is part of a Coordinated Multicenter Team approach to synthesise the research partnership literature with five conceptually linked literature reviews. The main research question was 'What principles, strategies, outcomes and impacts are reported in different types of research partnership approaches?'. We included articles describing a literature review of research partnerships using a systematic search strategy. We used an adapted version of the Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool to assess quality. Nine electronic databases were searched from inception to April 2018. Principles, strategies, outcomes and impacts were extracted from the included reviews and analysed using direct content analysis. Results: We included 86 reviews using terms describing several research partnership approaches (e.g. community-based participatory research, participatory research, integrated knowledge translation). After the analyses, we synthesised 17 overarching principles and 11 overarching strategies and grouped them into one of the following subcategories: relationship between partners; co-production of knowledge; meaningful stakeholder engagement; capacity-building, support and resources; communication process; and ethical issues related to the collaborative research activities. Similarly, we synthesised 20 overarching outcomes and impacts on researchers, stakeholders, the community or society, and the research process.

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To address a gap between spinal cord injury (SCI) research and practice by rigorously and systematically co-developing integrated knowledge translation (IKT) guiding principles for conducting and disseminating SCI research in partnership with research users. Design: The process was guided by the internationally accepted The Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch & Evaluation (AGREE) II Instrument for evaluating the development of clinical practice guidelines. Setting: North American SCI research system (ie, SCI researchers, research users, funders). Participants: The multidisciplinary expert panel (nZ17) and end users (nZ35) included individuals from a North American partnership of SCI researchers, research users, and funders who have expertise in research partnerships. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Clarity, usefulness, and appropriateness of the principles. Results: Data regarding 125 principles of partnered research were systematically collected from 4 sources (review of reviews, scoping review, interviews, Delphi consensus exercise). A multidisciplinary expert panel held a 2-day meeting to establish consensus, select guiding principles, and draft the guidance. The panel reached 100% consensus on the principles and guidance document. The final document includes a preamble,

These findings inform the future design and evaluation of CDPs that have the potential to be adopted in numerous settings and reach athletes and coaches who can most benefit.

Coach development programmes are conducted to change coach behavior in a specific domain. To facilitate understanding of this growing field, the current synthesis review of coaching literature was conducted to generate classifications of coach development programme types. To identify coach development programmes described within academic research, a supplemental search of an earlier systematic review was conducted. In addition, a broad Internet search was used to identify publically available descriptions of coach development programmes. After extracting information describing the resulting 285 coach development programmes, the research team distinguished 16 coach development programme domains of focus, classified within professional, interpersonal, or intrapersonal domains. Five organizational contexts were also identified in relation to ''where'' and ''why'' coach development programmes were conducted, and the coaching context and mode of delivery were also classified. As an effort to bridge applied and empirical realms, the continued use and development of these classifications will facilitate the further progress and synthesis of coach development literature.

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BACKGROUND Dietary behavior is closely connected to type 2 diabetes.