In an initial communication [May, S. W., Mueller, P. W., Padgette, S. R., Herman, H. H., & Phillips, R. S. (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 110, 161-168], we reported that 1-phenyl-1-(aminomethyl)ethene hydrochloride (PAME) is an olefinic substrate for dopamine beta-monooxygenase (DBM; EC 1.14.17.1) which inactivates the enzyme in an apparent mechanism-based manner. The present study further characterizes this reaction. The inactivation reaction yields kinact = 0.23 min-1 at pH 5.0 and 37 degrees C and is strictly dependent on reductant (ascorbate) and oxygen. The DBM/PAME substrate reaction (apparent kcat = 14 s-1), shown to be stimulated by fumarate, gives the corresponding epoxide as product, identified by derivatization with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. However, the lack of DBM inhibition by alpha-methylstyrene oxide, and the observation of identical PAME/DBM inactivation rates in the absence and presence of preformed enzymatic PAME epoxide, indicates that free epoxide is not the inactivating species. A structure-activity study revealed that 4-hydroxylation of PAME (to give 4-HOPAME) increases both kinact (0.81 min-1) and apparent kcat (56 s-1) values, while 3-hydroxylation (to give 3-HOPAME) greatly diminishes inactivation activity while retaining substrate activity (apparent kcat = 47 s-1). 4-Hydroxy-alpha-methylstyrene was found to be a DBM inhibitor (kinact = 0.53 min-1) with weak substrate activity (apparent kcat = 0.71 s-1), while 3-hydroxy-alpha-methylstyrene and alpha-(cyanomethyl) styrene were found not to exhibit detectable DBM substrate activity and only weak inhibitory activity. 3-Phenylpropargylamine hydrochloride showed no detectable DBM substrate activity but rapidly inactivated the enzyme. A new substrate activity for DBM was discovered, N-dealkylation of N-phenylethylenediamine and N-methyl-N-phenylethylenediamine, and the lack of O-dealkylation activity with phenyl 2-aminoethyl ether and 4-hydroxyphenyl 2-aminoethyl ether indicates that DBM N-dealkylation proceeds via initial one-electron abstraction from the benzylic nitrogen heteroatom. With this new substrate and inhibitor reactivity information in hand, along with the other known substrate reactions, a DBM oxygenation mechanism analogous to that for cytochrome P-450 is proposed.

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Four sulfur-containing analogues of phenylpropylamine were synthesized and evaluated as substrates for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). All four phenyl aminoethyl sulfides were shown to be good substrates for DBH whereas only the two analogues not possessing a methyl group alpha to the terminal amino group were substrates for MAO. All four analogues were tested for acute antihypertensive activity in an animal model for hypertension, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Two of the analogues, both of which should partition readily across the blood-brain barrier, did not appreciably reduce systemic blood pressure in the 6-h testing period. However, the two analogues that were designed to be relatively restricted to peripheral sites of action caused a dramatic drop in blood pressure in SHR of 25% within 1-1.5-h postinjection, with the analogue designed to be both restricted to the periphery and MAO inactive, causing a more prolonged antihypertensive activity.

The competence of dopamine beta-monooxygenase (DBM) to process selenide substrates was investigated, in anticipation that the expected selenoxide products would exhibit unique reactivity and redox properties. The prototypical selenide phenyl 2-aminoethyl selenide (PAESe) was synthesized and shown to be a substrate for DBM with the characteristic e/O2 ratio of 2:1 for monooxygenation. The kinetic parameters for oxygenation of PAESe were found to be similar to those for the DBM-catalyzed sulfoxidation of the cognate sulfide phenyl 2-aminoethyl sulfide [May, S. W., & Phillips, R. S. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 5981-5983], and selenoxidation was stimulated by fumarate in a manner similar to other well-characterized DBM monooxygenation reactions. Identification of phenyl 2-aminoethyl selenoxide (PAESeO) as the enzymatic product was accomplished by the demonstration of coincident elution of authentic PAESeO with the enzymatic product in three significantly different HPLC systems. PAESeO was found to oxidize ascorbic acid with the concomitant and stoichiometric reduction of PAESeO back to the selenide, PAESe. As a consequence of this nonenzymatic reaction, ascorbate-supported DBM turnover was prematurely terminated under standard assay conditions due to depletion of reduced ascorbate. The kinetics of the redox reaction between PAESeO and ascorbate were investigated with a spectrophotometric assay of ascorbate at 300 nm, and a second-order rate constant of 3.4 M-1 s-1 was determined at pH 5.0, 25 degrees C. Spectrophotometric assay of cytochrome c (cyt c) reduction at 550 nm during the oxidation of ascorbate by PAESeO demonstrated that no cyt c trappable semidehydroascorbate was produced in this nonenzymatic reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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