Objective To analyze fetal gene expression at term using umbilical cord blood, in order to provide insights into the effects of maternal obesity on human development. Design Prospective case-control study. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Population Eight obese (BMI ≥ 30) and eight lean (BMI < 25) pregnant women undergoing pre-labor cesarean delivery at term. Methods Women were matched for gestational age and fetal sex. Cord blood RNA was extracted and hybridized to gene expression arrays. Differentially regulated genes were identified using paired t-tests and the Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Functional analyses were performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, BioGPS, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis with a fetal-specific annotation. Z-scores ≥ 2.0 or p-values < 0.01 were considered significant. Main Outcome Measure Functions of differentially regulated genes in fetuses of obese women. Results 701 differentially regulated genes were identified, producing an expression profile implicating neurodegeneration, decreased survival of sensory neurons, and decreased neurogenesis in the fetuses of obese women. Upstream regulators related to inflammatory signaling were significantly activated; those related to insulin receptor signaling, lipid homeostasis, regulation of axonal guidance, and cellular response to oxidative stress were significantly inhibited. Of 26 tissue-specific genes that were differentially regulated in fetuses of obese women, six mapped to the fetal brain. Conclusion Maternal obesity affects fetal gene expression at term, implicating dysregulated brain development, inflammatory and immune signaling, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and oxidative stress. This may have implications for postnatal neurodevelopment and metabolism.
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