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Automotive sector is one of the major contributors to air pollution and global warming due to the carbon residue and smoke opacity emission. Today, the trend of decreasing sources of petroleum fuel has led to innovation of other resources such as alternative fuel. Alternative fuel can be produced from biomass such as alcohol in which it is produced by fermentation of sugar, cane and corn. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of ethanol on gasoline engine performance and exhaust emissions. A four-stroke, single cylinder engine was tested by different range of ethanol volume percentages i.e. 10% (E10), 20% (E20) and 30% (E30) blended with fossil gasoline. The experiment was carried out at variations of engine speed and constant load. The engine speeds used for a constant load at 2 Nm were 2000rpm, 2500rpm and 3000rpm. From the results obtained, it shows that the brake specific fuel consumption for the blended fuel is better than gasoline fuel. Combustion efficiency of gasoline engine has improved with the use of ethanol-gasoline blends. Exhaust emissions such as CO and smoke opacity are decreased due to the presence of oxygenated properties of ethanol in blended fuel. However, emissions of CO2 are increased due to the high combustion temperature. In overall, the E20 shows the best results for all measured parameters at all engine test conditions.

This research is devoted to investigate the effects of biodiesel ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% to the emission of single cylinder diesel engine. Fuel blends comprise of 10% (B10), 20% (B20), and 30% (B30) with adding 0.1 ml of additives to each litre of fuel blend volume are put to the test on a diesel engine, comparing each aspect to differentiate the best fuel blend. A reference experiment with 100% diesel (D100) had been done to have a clear view of the working diesel engine emissions. These blends were used for testing in a four stroke, vertical single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm as with varying engine load of 2, 4, and 6 Nm. Exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) are taken into account. The results show that the increase biodiesel blend in fuels does increase the NOx and CO2 emission with steady increase of load. This is because these emissions relate to the complete combustion, high post-combustion and high oxygen content increase the amount of emission. Besides, the results prove that the higher percentage of biodiesel in the blends provides lower emission of CO and HC. Lower CO and HC emission due to better combustion efficiency as it reaches better overall combustion, producing higher energy output and better emissions. Thus, the findings provide helpful information for researchers to understand the technology of biodiesel and a possible substitute for the current diesel for a better fuel source.

This paper reviews the utilization of lower and higher molecular weight alcohols as fuel for spark ignition engine. As an alternative fuel for spark ignition engine, alcohol is widely accepted as comparable to gasolin. It is due to its ability that can be produced from biological matter through the current available and new processes. Moreover, alcohol is also considered as fuel additive due to its physical and chemical properties compatible with the requirements of modern engines. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of these fuels by highlighting on the fuel properties and spark ignition engine responses. The first part of this review explains the important of alcohol fuel properties related to the engine performance and emissions, and the difference of these properties for each type of alcohol. The second part discusses recent advancements in research involving lower and higher molecular weight alcohols mainly responses from spark ignition engine.