Buzz-pollinated plants require visitation from vibration producing bee species to elicit full pollen release. Several important food crops are buzz-pollinated including tomato, eggplant, kiwi, and blueberry. Although more than half of all bee species can buzz pollinate, the most commonly deployed supplemental pollinator, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae; honey bees), cannot produce vibrations to remove pollen. Here, we provide a list of buzz-pollinated food crops and discuss the extent to which they rely on pollination by vibration-producing bees. We then use the most commonly cultivated of these crops, the tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), as a case study to investigate the effect of different pollination treatments on aspects of fruit quality. Following a systematic review of the literature, we statistically analyzed 71 experiments from 24 studies across different geopolitical regions and conducted a meta-analysis on a subset of 21 of these experiments. Our results show that both supplemental pollination by buzz-pollinating bees and open pollination by assemblages of bees, which include buzz pollinators, significantly increase tomato fruit weight compared to a no-pollination control. In contrast, auxin treatment, artificial mechanical vibrations, or supplemental pollination by non-buzz-pollinating bees (including Apis spp.), do not significantly increase fruit weight. Finally, we compare strategies for providing bee pollination in tomato cultivation around the globe and highlight how using buzz-pollinating bees might improve tomato yield, particularly in some geographic regions. We conclude that employing native, wild buzz pollinators can deliver important economic benefits with reduced environmental risks and increased advantages for both developed and emerging economies.

The emergence of agricultural land use change creates a number of challenges that insect pollinators, such as eusocial bees, must overcome. Resultant fragmentation and loss of suitable foraging habitats, combined with pesticide exposure, may increase demands on foraging, specifically the ability to collect or reach sufficient resources under such stress. Understanding effects that pesticides have on flight performance is therefore vital if we are to assess colony success in these changing landscapes. Neonicotinoids are one of the most widely used classes of pesticide across the globe, and exposure to bees has been associated with reduced foraging efficiency and homing ability. One explanation for these effects could be that elements of flight are being affected, but apart from a couple of studies on the honeybee (Apis mellifera), this has scarcely been tested. Here, we used flight mills to investigate how exposure to a field realistic (10 ppb) acute dose of imidacloprid affected flight performance of a wild insect pollinator—the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris audax. Intriguingly, observations showed exposed workers flew at a significantly higher velocity over the first ¾ km of flight. This apparent hyperactivity, however, may have a cost because exposed workers showed reduced flight distance and duration to around a third of what control workers were capable of achieving. Given that bumblebees are central place foragers, impairment to flight endurance could translate to a decline in potential forage area, decreasing the abundance, diversity, and nutritional quality of available food, while potentially diminishing pollination service capabilities.

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23The emergence of agricultural land use change creates a number of challenges that insect pollinators, such as 24 eusocial bees, must overcome. Resultant fragmentation and loss of suitable foraging habitats, combined with 25 pesticide exposure, may increase demands on foraging, specifically the ability to reach resources under such 26 stress. Understanding the effect that pesticides have on flight performance is therefore vital if we are to assess 27 colony success in these changing landscapes. Neonicotinoids are one of the most widely used classes of pesticide 28 across the globe, and exposure to bees has been associated with reduced foraging efficiency and homing ability. 29One explanation for these effects could be that elements of flight are being affected, but apart from a couple of 30 studies on the honeybee, this has scarcely been tested. Here we used flight mills to investigate how exposure to 31 a field realistic (10ppb) acute dose of imidacloprid affected flight performance of a wild insect pollinator -the 32 bumblebee, Bombus terrestris audax. Intriguingly, intial observations showed exposed workers flew at a 33 significantly higher velocity over the first ¾ km of flight. This apparent hyperactivity, however, may have a cost 34 as exposed workers showed reduced flight distance and duration to around a third of what control workers were 35 capable of achieving. Given that bumblebees are central place foragers, impairment to flight endurance could 36 translate to a decline in potential forage area, decreasing the abundance, diversity and nutritional quality of 37 available food, whilst potentially diminishing pollination service capabilities.

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