During the breeding season, male Red-backed Fairy-wrens Malurus melanocephalus can exhibit a spectrum of plumages from wholly black-and-red to entirely brown. By contrast, females generally appear completely brown, although observations of birds in the hand have revealed that some females also develop some red feathers. Here, we document, for the first time, observations of a female Red-backed Fairy-wren that has developed both black and red feathers under natural conditions. We explore possible explanations for this including whether changes to the individual's hormonal milieu could be responsible for the unusual plumage that we observed.
While the relationship between externalising behaviour and achievement is underdefined, one possibility is that teachers form negatively biased academic expectations and judgements of students with high levels of externalising behaviour, which in certain circumstances hampers their achievement. This systematic review protocol outlines plans to synthesize the empirical evidence relevant to the above hypothesis. Adopting a narrative synthesis approach, the proposed review will summarize quantitative and qualitative evidence on the relationship between students’ externalising behaviour and teachers’ academic expectations/judgements, and on the role of these expectations/judgements in students’ achievement. It will also summarize the evidence on factors that moderate or mediate these relationship. It will focus on studies of school-aged students and their teachers, as teacher expectation and judgement research are primarily concerned with this population. In synthesising the relevant evidence, the proposed review will orient future research and the development of well-targeted interventions for school-aged children with externalising behaviour needs.
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