This study investigates experimentally the effect of openings in the concrete slab of the composite beams. Composite beams consisted of concrete slab connected with steel I-beams by steel headed stud connectors is used in the study with eleven specimens. The test specimens are designed to test and failed in flexure. The test specimens are classified depending on the variable parameters into the following groups: control sample; opening ratio; ratio the short to the long dimension of opening; thickness of the concrete slab; grade of compressive strength; strengthen of opening by steel plate. The results of the study indicate that the general trend in the ultimate load is to increase with increasing thickness of the concrete slab and increasing the compressive strength of concrete. While the ultimate load decreased when increasing the opening ratio because decreasing the effective width of the concrete slab and the cracks develop when the opening was near to the applied loads. Also, the distribution of shear connectors in place of opening on both sides and present the diagonal reinforcing rebars about the opening minimize from the significant decrease for the ultimate load.
An analytical solution for determining the elastic critical buckling load for tapered members including shear effect are studied in this paper with different support conditions. The calculations are based on the exact stability function including shear effect for uniformly tapered beam-column having laced or battened build-up structural members, and approximate stability functions for a wide range of non-prismatic member including shear effect using the finite difference method. The modified stability functions for nonlinear tapered member including shear effect is also obtained in this paper by using the stability functions for a linearly tapered member in the form of modified shape factor ( ) and modified taper ratio (ū). Buckling of tapered columns is studied in many numerical examples. The results show that, inclusion the effect of shear deformation in the calculation of critical load can result in a significant reduction in the value of the critical load for both prismatic and non-prismatic laced columns. The effect of the shear is depending on the value of shear parameter µ2 and tapering ratio u. The average ratio of reduction is (63.315%) and (64.7 to 65) % for prismatic and non-prismatic laced columns respectively. In the structures having prismatic and non-prismatic solid columns, the effect of shear deformation can have a significant effect with the range of (32.42 to 56.78) % on the value of critical load.
In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the local scour around piers. Effects of many parameters on the maximum depth of scour and scour pattern around piers have been studied. The study considered the effects of upstream flow conditions, shape of pier, side slope angles, and type of soil. Three cross sections for pier (circular, elliptical and oblong) were used for different velocities and discharges to find the scour depth. Two types of uniform cohesionless soil with median grain sizes of d50=0.25 (bed soil of Al-Kufa river), and d50=0.66 were used as bed material. Four angles of pier side slope were selected 0° (prismatic pier) and 5°, 10° and 15° (non-prismatic piers). It has been observed that for circular cross section pier, the maximum reduction for the scour depth at the upstream of the pier with a side slope of 15° for the soil of d50=0.25mm was about 63.64% and for the soil of d50=0.66mm was about 54.55%. The reduction value was increased up to 80% and 75% for the same angle of pier side slope (Ɵ=15°) with oblong cross section for the soil of d50=0.25mm and d50=0.66mm respectively.
In the past, the arch represented one of the few structural systems which provide a possibility to cover large spans. Nowadays, the same importance is presented as the need increased with the increase of construction with large spans and with arched structures which are constructed in different shapes and from various materials such as brick, steel and reinforced concrete. The main aim of this study was to investigate the behavior and ultimate strength of concrete arched slab under flexural load. The main parameters considered in the present investigation are, concrete mix compressive strength, thickness of slab, area of steel, curvature and support conditions. A total of fourteen samples of the arched slab are constructed and tested under two-point load. The behavior of the samples is observed by reading the deflection at mid-span and observing the crack patterns and strains at top and bottom fibers. The behavior of arched slab samples is linear up to first cracking load and still linear up to (35% - 55%) from the ultimate load. The load-deflection curve at mid span of the arched slab may be idealized by bilinear curve. The increasing of compressive strength by 116% leads to increase the ultimate load by (15% - 25%). Increasing the slab thickness by 43% leads to increase the ultimate load by (6% -17%). Increasing the area of steel by 45% leads to increase the ultimate load by (29% - 34%). Increasing the curvature by 200% leads to increase the ultimate load by (6% - 28%). Changing the support from simply support to pin-pin leads to increase the ultimate load by (200% - 245%).
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