Purpose: To investigate the injury rate in National Football League (NFL) athletes during the first 4 weeks of the 2020 NFL season. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of all NFL players who were placed on the injury report during the preseason and the first 4 weeks of the regular season from the 2016-2017 through the 2020-2021 NFL regular seasons. Players' dates of injury were cross-referenced with an absence of statistics from the respective games for which they were ruled out so as to ensure accuracy. Injury rates were calculated per 1,000 athletic exposures. Relative risk with 95% confidence intervals compared injury rates between the 2 cohorts. Results: Over the course of the study period of 4 NFL seasons, 3,025 injuries were reported. Of the 3,025 injuries reported, 582 (19%) occurred during weeks 1

Purpose Compared to a relatively older population over 30-40 years of age, the eicacy of biceps tenodesis for type II SLAP lesions in a younger population is not well studied. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes between biceps tenodesis and labral repair for type II SLAP lesions in a young active population. Methods Patients aged 15-40 who underwent primary arthroscopic biceps tenodesis or SLAP repair for type II SLAP tears between 2009 and 2016 were included. Shoulders with intraarticular chondral damage, full thickness rotator cuf tear, rotator cuf repair, labral repair outside of the superior labrum, bony subacromial decompression, and acromioclavicular joint resection were excluded. Patient-reported outcomes were evaluated using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Sports/Performing Arts Module (DASH-sport), visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and satisfaction. Return to sport rates were also recorded. Results Fifty-three patients (20 tenodesis, 33 repair) were available for minimum 2-year follow-up. Postoperatively, there were no signiicant diferences in mean ASES, DASH-sport, VAS, and satisfaction between groups [ASES: tenodesis 86.3 vs. repair 86.4 (n.s.); DASH-sport: 11.0 vs. 22.5 (n.s.); VAS: 1.85 vs. 1.64 (n.s.); satisfaction: 8.50 vs. 8.00 (n.s.)]. Rate of return to pre-injury level of performance/competition in sport/physical activity was also similar between groups [tenodesis 63% vs. repair 50% (n.s.)]. Conclusions In a young active population, primary arthroscopic biceps tenodesis is a viable surgical alternative to labral repair for type II SLAP lesions. The results of this study suggest that indications for arthroscopic tenodesis can safely be expanded to a younger patient group than has previously been demonstrated in the literature. Level of evidence III. KeywordsShoulder • Biceps anchor • SLAP tear • SLAP repair • Biceps tenodesis • Shoulder arthroscopy Abbreviations ASES American shoulder and elbow surgeons score DASH-sport Disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand sports/performing arts module PRO Patient-reported outcome SLAP Superior labral anterior to posterior VAS Visual analog scale * Kevin F. Dunne

Background:The objective of this study was to understand the experiences and perspectives of varsity football athletes on return to play following a concussion injury.Methods:Two experienced interviewers conducted qualitative, semistructured interviews of college-level football players who had sustained at least one concussion during their varsity careers.Results:Twenty varsity football players who averaged 2.3 concussions each (range, 1–5) were interviewed regarding peer pressure, the culture of football, and player awareness as factors affecting return to sport following a concussion. Less common secondary factors included risk management, severity and timing of the injury, and team support.Conclusions:Psychological stressors, the culture of football, and increased awareness were the most influential factors affecting collegiate football players' deciding to return to sport following a concussion.Level of Evidence:Level III

Purpose: To provide an overview of the injuries suffered by Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) athletes and to analyze the demographic data, injury rates, and games missed as a result of individual injuries. Methods: Using publicly available data on WNBA player's injury history, we generated a database cataloguing the quantity, location, frequency, and longitudinal impact of injuries sustained during the WNBA regular season from 2015 to 2019. We analyzed the data using SPSS-25 data manipulation software to assess the number of injuries per athletic exposure. Results: Lower-extremity injuries (n ¼ 143, 73%) were the most common injury by body area and resulted in the greatest number of games missed (n ¼ 1189, 88%). Lateral ankle sprains were the most frequent injury (n ¼ 39, 20%), with a rate of 1.19 injuries per 1000 athletic exposures. Torn anterior cruciate ligaments (n ¼ 18, 9.2%) were the most devastating, resulting in the greatest number of games missed (n¼376, 28%). Conclusions: Our findings corroborate previous notions that lower-extremity injuries are the greatest source of injury in this population. Ankle injuries were the most frequent injury reported by pathology, while knee injuries carried the most long-term impact on games missed due to injury. Level of Evidence: IV, Epidemiological study S ince its inception in 1997, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) has gained national interest in the United States. Despite the WNBA's growing popularity, less is known about the risk of injury in WNBA athletes. Multiple studies have described female basketball athletes, at the high school and collegiate level of play, having a greater risk of knee and ankle injury when compared with male athletes. [1][2][3][4][5] These findings are consistent with the well-described difference in injury rate, incidence, and risk between male and female athletes participating in sports other than basketball. [1][2][3][4][5] However, limited data exist regarding injuries in WNBA athletes. 6 Previous studies report that female athletes suffer greater rates of injury in college when compared with male athletes. [1][2][3]5,7 Thus, one can speculate that this observed trend would continue for female basketball players throughout their professional careers. However, published data that specifically examine the injury profiles of WNBA athletes are limited. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the injuries suffered by WNBA athletes and to analyze the demographic data, injury rates, and games missed as a result of individual injuries. We hypothesized that WNBA athletes commonly would suffer lowerextremity injuries, specifically anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, at similar rates to those reported in previous studies examining female athlete injury rates. 7,8 MethodsThis study was a retrospective review of all injuries suffered by WNBA athletes during the 2015 through 2019 regular seasons. The data were compiled using publicly available injury reports published on multiple websites 9,10 ; e...

The purpose of this study was to define the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and plain radiographs (X-ray [XR]) in identifying an osteochondral defect or loose body in patients undergoing operative treatment for patellar instability. A total of 87 patients treated operatively for patellar instability with medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction between 2015 and 2019 were identified. Inclusion criteria were evidence of clinical patellar instability, preoperative XR and MRI studies, and concomitant diagnostic knee arthroscopy and MPFL reconstruction performed to address patellar instability. Patients were excluded if they had a history of prior procedure for patellar instability on the surgical knee, underwent MPFL reconstruction without concomitant diagnostic knee arthroscopy, or had an anterior cruciate ligament or posterior cruciate ligament deficient knee. Operative notes and arthroscopic images were reviewed to identify osteochondral or chondral injuries and loose bodies noted during diagnostic arthroscopy. The primary outcome was the identification of intra-articular loose bodies, chondral injury, or osteochondral defect on preoperative plain radiographs and MRI in patients with patellar instability. All MRIs were performed on a 3T MRI. The sensitivity and specificity of identifying loose bodies on MRI were 0.52 and 0.92 and on XR were 0.23 and 0.98, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of identifying osteochondral lesions on MRI were 0.43 and 0.81 and on XR were 0.08 and 0.97, respectively. Of the 87 available reports, 45 (51%) described performing chondroplasty for Outerbridge grade II/III chondral lesions on diagnostic arthroscopy. In conclusion, MRI and XR are poorly sensitive at identifying loose bodies or osteochondral defects after patellar dislocations. The poor sensitivity of imaging studies must be considered when determining whether or not to recommend operative management to a patient with patellar instability. This is a Level IV, diagnostic study.

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Proximal humerus fractures are the third most common fracture type in adults, with their incidence increasing over time. There are varied approaches to both the classification and treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Optimal treatments for this fracture type are still widely open to debate. This review summarizes the current and historical treatment modalities for proximal humerus fractures. In this paper, we provide updates on the advances and trends in the epidemiology, classification, and operative and nonoperative treatments of proximal humerus fractures.

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