Bcl-2 associated factor 1 (Bclaf1) is a nuclear protein that was originally identified in a screen of proteins that interact with the adenoviral bcl-2 homolog E1B19K. Overexpression of Bclaf1 was shown to result in apoptosis and transcriptional repression that was reversible in the presence of Bcl-2 or Bcl-x L . Furthermore, antiapoptotic members, but not proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family, were shown to interact with Bclaf1 and prevent its localization to the nucleus. Bclaf1 has also recently been identified as a binding partner for Emerin, a nuclear membrane protein that is mutated in X-linked recessive Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. To ascertain the in vivo function of Bclaf1, we have generated mice that carry a targeted mutation of the bclaf1 locus. In this study, we show that Bclaf1 is required for proper spatial and temporal organization of smooth muscle lineage during the saccular stage of lung development. We also show that Bclaf1 is dispensable for thymocyte development but is essential for peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Despite its postulated role as a proapoptotic protein, Bclaf1-deficient cells did not show any defect in cell death linked to development or after exposure to various apoptotic stimuli. Our findings show a critical role for Bclaf1 in developmental processes independent of apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation (2009) Apoptosis is a critical component of normal development and the cellular response to radio-and chemotherapy. 1,2 Two distinct apoptotic pathways have been characterized: the extrinsic pathway triggered by transmembrane death receptors and the intrinsic pathway that signals through mitochondria. Members of the Bcl-2 protein family primarily impact the intrinsic pathway by controlling mitochondrial membrane permeability, the release of proapoptotic mitochondrial proteins, and caspase activation. 1 Proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins such as Bak and Bax are activated directly after interactions with the 'BH3-only' Bcl-2 protein Bid. In addition, binding of other BH3-only proteins such as Noxa, Puma, Bad, and Bim to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2 or Bcl-x L ) results in activation of Bax and Bak. [3][4][5] Bcl-2 associated factor 1 (Bclaf1; also known as Bcl-2-associated transcription factor or Btf) was originally identified in a screen for adenoviral E1B19K protein partners. 6 Subsequent studies with Bclaf1 S , an alternatively-spliced form missing amino acid residues 797-846, showed interactions with Bcl-2 and Bcl-x L . E1B19K, Bcl-2, and Bcl-x L were found to sequester Bclaf1 S to the nuclear periphery and cytoplasm. Ectopic Bclaf1 induced apoptosis as well as transcriptional repression, properties that were reversed in the presence of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 members. 6 Although these findings implicate Bclaf1 in apoptotic signaling, Bclaf1 does not show structural similarities to Bcl-2 family members. Bclaf1 contains an N-terminal tract of Arg-Ser repeats (RS domain) that is typical of pre-mRNA processing factors and was identified in interchromatin granule c...

BCLAF1 was originally identified as a protein that interacts with antiapoptotic members of the Bcl2 family. Initial studies indicated a role for this protein as an inducer of apoptosis and repressor of transcription. Subsequent studies have shown that BCLAF1 plays criticals roles in a wide range of processes that are not normally associated with actions of Bcl2 family members, including lung development, T-cell activation, and control of the lytic infection program of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus. Here, we provide an overview of findings from past studies that both support and challenge the role of BCLAF1 in cell death and transcriptional control. We also present recent findings from our laboratory and others indicating a role for BCLAF1 in post-transcriptional processes that impact mRNA metabolism, instead of a direct role for this protein in apoptosis or transcription.

We developed a novel PCR-based pre-amplification (PreAmp) technology that can increase the abundance of over 350 target genes one million-fold. To assess potential bias introduced by PreAmp we utilized ERCC RNA reference standards, a model system that quantifies measurement error in RNA analysis. We assessed three types of bias: amplification bias, dynamic range bias and fold-change bias. We show that our PreAmp workflow introduces only minimal amplification and fold-change bias under stringent conditions. We do detect dynamic range bias if a target gene is highly abundant and PreAmp occurred for 16 or more PCR cycles; however, this type of bias is easily correctable. To assess PreAmp bias in a gene expression profiling experiment, we analyzed a panel of genes that are regulated during differentiation using the NTera2 stem cell model system. We find that results generated using PreAmp are similar to results obtained using standard qPCR (without the pre-amplification step). Importantly, PreAmp maintains patterns of gene expression changes across samples; the same biological insights would be derived from a PreAmp experiment as with a standard gene expression profiling experiment. We conclude that our PreAmp technology can facilitate analysis of extremely limited samples in gene expression quantification experiments.

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