Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, predominantly affecting the white matter, but also the grey matter. Aim of this study was to detect MS lesions with double inversion recovery (DIR), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and determine the sensitivity of these techniques, and the correlation between the number of lesions and expanded disability state scale (EDSS) scores. Thirty-four patients with MS (20 females and 14 males) were included in this study. DIR and conventional MR (T2-A, FLAIR) sequences were obtained. Lesions were counted and classified as belonging to one of seven anatomical regions: cortical, juxtacortical, deep grey matter, deep white matter, mixed white matter-grey matter, periventricular white matter and infratentorial. The correlation between lesion number and EDSS scores was investigated. DIR images showed more intracortical and mixed white matter-grey matter lesions in comparison with both FLAIR and T2 sequences (p=0, p=0 respectively). There was a significant difference between mean lesion numbers at the juxtacortical region, obtained with DIR and T2-weighted images (p = 0.002). The total number of lesions obtained with all methods was similar. DIR brain imaging had the highest sensitivity in the detection of cortical and mixed white matter - grey matter lesions, compared with FLAIR and T2 sequences. In addition, the lesions obtained with DIR images were more easily visualized.

We conclude that embolic events may induce a bilateral superior altitudinal hemianopia.

Dry eye symptoms and findings are higher in migraine patients when compared with the healthy subjects without the presence of Sjögren syndrome.

Background. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), dopamine deficiency is present not only in the nigrostriatal pathway but also in the retinal and visual pathways. Optic coherence tomography (OCT) can be used as morphological evidence of visual influence from early nonmotor symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of OCT and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) of eyes with the severity of clinical findings and ocular findings in PD. Methods. A group of 42 patients diagnosed with idiopathic PD and a control group of 29 people between the ages of 45–85 were included in our study. VEP was recorded in the patient and control groups. OCT measurement was made with the Optovue spectral-domain device. Foveal thickness and macular volume were measured in the foveal region and in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions in the temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants. RNFL (retinal nerve fiber layer) was measured in temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants. Ganglion cell complex (GCC) was evaluated in the superior and inferior quadrants. Using the UPDRS clinical scale, the relationship between measurements and the differences between the control group and the patient group were evaluated. Results. Among the OCT values in our study, foveal, parafoveal, perifoveal thickness, macular volume, RNFL, and GCC measurements were performed for the right and left eyes, and no difference was found between the patient group and the control group. There was no difference in VEP amplitude and latency values between the patient and control groups. The relationships between UPDRS and modified Hoehn Yahr staging and OCT and VEP measurements in the patient revealed no correlation. Conclusions. Studies on whether OCT measurements can functionally be a marker or which segments are more valuable for disease progression in patients with PD are needed. Visual dysfunction in PD cannot be attributed only to retinal pathology; however, the retina may provide monitoring of the status of dopaminergic neurodegeneration and axonal loss in PD.

Visual and oculomotor signs and symptoms are common and well defined in patients with multiple sclerosis. On the other hand, the phenomenon of "upside-down" reversal of vision is very rare and thus not well known. The physiopathology of this phenomenon also has not been well understood. Herein, we present a female patient with multiple sclerosis, who developed acute "upside-down" visual inversion, and discuss possible mechanisms of this rare phenomenon.