Waste effects inter-reliant with productivity, the Waste measurement is essential in the management of production systems, because it is an effective way to evaluate their performance. Maine aim for this paper is diagnoses the waste time factors and examined to eliminate them in the implementation ‘the tests assess the performance of the process accomplished by finding the waste time on the two case studies, the observations have been taken in Baghdad using forms developed by researchers specifically designed based on the fundamentals of work-study methods and Work measurement techniques including (Activity sampling observations sheet, the flow process chart, and foremen survey form.) the wasted time causes defined clearly inclusion the performance of general efficiency also determining the Invaluable and unnecessary activities ratio that contribute in the waste of implementation a general regression model had been made for these factors showing the power of their association. The calculations shown the Mismanagement of the site and Choosing an inefficient contractor is most significant. while the conduct of activities the direct work is 56%, and the unnecessary activities by 25.75%, that’s the activity type should target for mitigation to increase the efficiency of the construction process from Wasted Tim reduction.
In this study, Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) is one of multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM). SWARA used to define the weights of main criteria and sub-criteria for selecting landfill sites in Baghdad governorate for municipality solid waste. To control of the environmental pollution and the spread of municipality solid waste in irregular sites, SWARA was used for this matter. The alternative Landfill site selection must be properly selected in terms of environmental, social and geological criteria. The obtained results of this study, the most important criteria for selecting municipality solid waste landfill sites were determined. Based on that, the ranking weights of main criteria and sub-criteria for selecting the landfill site for solid waste in Baghdad governorate were founds.
The both of time challenges and technology developments are having influence on changes in the required level of any types of industries and in any country in the world. The importance of construction industry is making this sector need to develop without forgetting the negative impacts of the construction process on environment aspects. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors within negative impacts on sustainable process in construction industries by taking the vision of specialists via questionnaire techniques. The Identified factors has been divided into three groups each group associated with the concepts of integrated sustainable. The study is focused on “required actions” that have been drawn through experts to show the roadmap that will help the contractual parties to start in converting the traditional process on construction to be sustainable process. Through the conclusions can be reached facts that contribute to the adoption of sustainable standards in the construction industry in Iraq as a developing country.
Measuring maintenance performance is necessary to ensure that maintenance achieves the required goals and to enhance the preservation of the building, as most government institutions rely on traditional financial measurement methods to measure performance and this is not sufficient, as the social and environmental aspect play a prominent role in improving work performance, preserving the environment and achieving user satisfaction. This study aims to find out the applicability of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) methodology to measure maintenance performance of government buildings in Iraq. A questionnaire was conducted for professionals in the field of building maintenance. Analysis of the questionnaire that was answered by (75) engineers revealed that the most influential factors in applying the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) methodology; are the quality and age of work and its impact on the environment, income (wages), the raw materials used in the work, user satisfaction, the age and quality of the building, management quality, the financial performance of the company. Also, the indicators that can be applied locally according to the questionnaire are; occupational safety practices, professional development, materials, contribution to the field of unemployment problems, transportation, the indirect economic impact on society, human rights (child labour), product responsibility (user’s safety), suppliers, security aspects, transparency, products, and services. We found that the most important obstacles that hinder performance measurement, are multiple and conflicting priorities and objectives. Three case studies were taken for government building maintenance projects, to obtain more accurate and realistic data for the factors and indicators obtained from the questionnaire, by analysing case studies, we find that the most important factors are; They are the age, build quality, quality, working life and its impact on the environment and financial performance. Also, the indicators that are most applicable to local institutions; are occupational safety practices, human rights (child labour), product liability, professional development, and participation in the field of unemployment, materials, and transportation. Therefore, it can be said that the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) methodology can be applied in measuring the maintenance performance of government buildings in Iraq, thus developing the reality of government building maintenance developed.
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