The Arabic GDS is a useful measure to assess depression among community-dwelling older adults and primary care patients who do not have dementia. Because of the use of formal Arabic, GDS-15 can be widely used with all Arabic-speaking people.

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Neonatal lesions of the ventral hippocampus in rats produce changes in spontaneous and pharmacologically induced dopamine-dependent behaviors that emerge in early adulthood. Neural mechanisms underlying these changes may have implications for understanding the neurobiology of schizophrenia, putatively a neurodevelopmental disorder. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MK-801 (dizocilpine), on automated measures of distance traveled and stereotypies in adult rats with neonatal (postnatal day 7) lesions, and tested the effects of haloperidol, clozapine and an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic (AMPA) antagonist LY293558 on the MK-801-induced behaviors. The lesioned rats showed significantly greater increases in motor activity after 0.05 and O.1 mg/kg of MK-801 than did controls. Both haloperidol (0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg) and clozapine (4 and 10 mg/kg) reduced hyperlocomotion elicited by 0.2 mg/kg MK-801 in the ventral hippocampus (VH)-lesioned and sham rats. Haloperidol was more potent than clozapine in decreasing MK-801-induced stereotypy, especially in the lesioned rats. Moreover, an AMPA antagonist normalized exaggerated MK-801-induced hyperolocomotion in the lesioned rats at doses that had no effect in controls. These results demonstrate that the lesioned rats are more sensitive to MK-801 during adulthood than control rats, and that antidopaminergic drugs as well as AMPA antagonists antagonize the MK-801-induced behaviors. The neonatal lesion rat model may be useful to further our understanding of the interactions between dopamine and glutamate and their role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

excitotoxic damage of the ventral hippocampus (VH) is a heuristic model of schizophrenia. We investigated whether: (1) neonatal damage of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has effects similar to the neonatal VH lesion; and (2) intrinsic mPFC neurons contribute to the abnormal behaviors associated with VH lesions. Neonatal rats were lesioned in the mPFC. In adulthood, they showed attenuated locomotion in response to novelty, amphetamine, and Structural neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the temporolimbic cortex, dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and dysregulation of dopamine and glutamate systems are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (Weinberger 1987;Robbins 1990;Grace 1991;Mittleman et al. 1993;Weinberger and Lipska 1995). In an attempt to recreate these neuropathological features in an animal, we previously investigated the consequences of neonatal excitotoxic damage of the ventral hippocampal formation in the rat on behaviors related to dopamine and glutamate function (Lipska et al. , 1995a Weinberger 1993, 1994; AlAmin et al. 1997). The results of these studies indicate that the neonatally lesioned rats display a constellation of behavioral abnormalities indicative of hyperdopaminergic subcortical activity and hyperresponsivity to glutamate antagonists and that the appearance of these behaviors is delayed until early adult life. Our results and subsequent reports from other laboratories (Flores et al. 1996a;Black et al. 1996;Wan et al. 1996;Wan and Corbett 1997) suggest that this lesion reproduces a constellation of core phenomena associated with schizophrenia, and may thus be used as an animal model of this disorder. Such neonatally lesioned rats also express Received January 5, 1998; revised April 16, 1998; accepted April 30, 1998. 452 B.K. Lipska et al. N EUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1998 -VOL . 19 , NO . 6 behaviors that implicate dysfunction of the PFC (Chambers et al. 1996;Sams-Dodd et al. 1997), possibly because neonatal damage of the ventral hippocampus disrupts neuronal development of the PFC, with which the hippocampus is closely interconnected (Swanson 1981;Ferino et al. 1987;Jay et al. 1989;Laroche et al. 1990;Jay et al. 1992;Carr and Sesack 1996). Because PFC dysfunction has been shown in rodents (Adler 1961;Lynch et al. 1969;Iversen 1971;Pycock et al. 1980;Kolb 1984;Reibaud et al. 1984;Louilot et al. 1989;Jaskiw et al. 1991;Vezina et al. 1991;Deutch 1992;Jaskiw and Weinberger 1992;King and Finlay 1995;Taber et al. 1995;Karreman and Moghaddam 1996) and in primates (Kolachana et al. 1995;Roberts et al. 1994) to affect subcortical dopamine activity, the effect of the VH lesion on dopamine function might be indirectly mediated by an alteration at the level of the mPFC.The current study addresses the question of whether direct excitotoxic damage of the prefrontal cortex induced in neonatal rats affects glutamatergic and subcortical dopaminergic function in a manner similar to that observed in animals with the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion. The lesion was inten...

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