Based on a review of the literature, reference intervals for water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) serum biochemistry and haematology have not previously been published. The current study was done to establish reference intervals for water buffalo heifers. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry stated that at least 120 values are necessary to obtain reliable estimates for reference intervals. A total number of 127 clinically healthy buffalo heifers (1-2 years old) were included in the study. Animals were examined at buffalo farms that belong to Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Three types of samples were collected: serum samples for biochemical analysis, whole blood samples for haematological analysis and faecal samples for parasitological examination. Animals that fitted the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Biochemical analysis included serum total proteins, albumin, total globulins, alpha, beta and gamma globulin levels, and aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity. In addition to the above, serum creatinine, urea, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, iron, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, glucose levels and 20 haematological variables were measured. The 95.0% reference intervals were calculated by removing the upper and lower 2.5% of the interval for each serum biochemical constituent to give the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Confidence intervals were calculated for each reference limit. Reference intervals from the current study were compared with established values for cows. The current study is as far as could be determined the first that establishes reference intervals for the serum biochemical and haematological parameters in water buffalo heifers.

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Reference values for buffaloes especially those at late pregnancy are not yet established. The aim of this study was to establish serum biochemical and hematological reference intervals for water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during the late pregnancy. A total number of 125 clinically healthy late pregnant (7.0-10.5 months) buffaloes (3-8 years old) were included in the study. The inclusion of animals in the study was based on numbers of basic selection criteria. Animals were examined at buffaloes' farms that belong to Assiut Governorate at the mid of Egypt. Three types of samples were collected; serum samples for biochemical analysis, whole blood samples for hematological analysis and fecal samples for parasitological examination. A total of 55 blood analytes were measured during this study. The 95% reference intervals for each serum biochemical and hematological constituents were calculated by removing the upper and lower 2.5% of the interval to give the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. The results revealed that serum biochemical and hematological constituents in late pregnant buffaloes showed some differences when compared with previously published data. In conclusion, the established reference values will be a useful guide for interpreting serum biochemical and hematologic data in late pregnant buffaloes, especially those live under the Egyptian environment.

The present study was carried out on a total number of 1106 cattle (females = 935 and males = 171) of an age varied between one year and eleven years. Animals were presented to the clinic within a range of 10 days of infection with different lesions of FMD outbreak occurred at April 2012 at Beni-Suef province, Egypt. The aim of the present study is to describe different lesions of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle. The location and frequency of occurrence of lesions were recorded. Topical and systemic treatment was discussed as an alternative policy for control of FMD lesions in endemic countries. The main lesions of the affected cases were recorded in the dental bad (1053), tongue (1020), and inner aspect of the lower lip (713). A moderate number of lesions were recorded on the gum of lower jaw (318), coronary band and interdigital space (518) and teats (303). Lesions were seen in small number of cases on the muzzle (104), nostrils (17), and hard palate (15). Recovery of all lesions was obtained within 3-10 days with variable degree of scar tissue formation. Slight teat dysfunction and mastitis was supervene in 33 cases. Slight degree of lameness due to thimbling of the claws was recorded in 220 animals. Early management of FMD lesions decreases the economic losses and speeds returning of the animal to normal condition.

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