This is the first study to use a standardized method for data collection and longitudinal analysis of antibiotic use in different hospitals. These data suggest that determination of changes in antibiotic exposure of hospital patients over a period of time is unreliable if only one clinical activity variable (such as OBDs) is used as the denominator. We recommend inclusion of admissions, OBDs and length of stay in statistical, time series analysis of antibiotic use. This model is also relevant to longitudinal analysis of infections in hospitals.
In the literature on the effects of economic globalisation, the compensation hypothesis predicts a positive relationship between trade openness and the size of the public sector, as governments perform a risk mitigating role in the face of internationally generated risk and economic dislocations. Statistically, support for the compensation hypothesis should entail a positive causality running from trade-openness to government size. We use time series data − for 23 industrialised OECD countries over the 1948-1998 period − to test this hypothesis within the framework proposed by Sims and Granger. Our findings fail to provide overwhelming support for it.
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