OBJECTIVES This study aimed to access informative pamphlets to improve nurses’ knowledge regarding nasogastric tube feeding. METHODOLOGY  A quasi-experimental study was carried out among nurses in private and government tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, KPK. The critical care unit participants were selected for the study using a convenient sampling technique. The participants were divided into control and experimental group. The experiment group was taught by informative pamphlet while the control was not. The questionnaire was adopted from similar studies, which included 17 questions. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 25.   RESULTS    The experimental group’s score was higher than the control group. The mean knowledge score of the control group participants was 15.42, whereas the mean score of the intervention group was 17.82. It shows that the intervention group resulted better than the control group. CONCLUSION Keeping in view the current study; it may be concluded that using informative pamphlets as a teaching tool significantly improves nurses’ knowledge about nasogastric tube feeding.

This study aims to describe the impact of the online education system on students and teachers during the covid-19 pandemic in Pakistan. The research method uses qualitative research, namely literature studies by examining the results of previous research related to the implementation of the existing education system in Pakistan. There are several research results to be studied, which provide a description of policies in the implementation of education during the covid-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Data analysis techniques use descriptive qualitative analysis, with reference to Miles & Hubberman's analysis, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the online education system during the covid-19 pandemic in Pakistan, includes 1) the availability of gadgets, insufficient online learning materials, no access or slow internet speed, and the shedding of burdens, this negatively affects the study of students in terms of minimum participation or absence of students and attendance in online classes, 2) online learning cannot produce the desired results in underdeveloped countries such as Pakistan,  where most students are unable to access the internet due to technical as well as monetary issues, 3) challenges faced by school teachers in providing online lessons through Google Classroom, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams such as high-cost Internet packages, uncooperative learners, low attendance of learners, trust in teacher technology, limited availability of educational resources, lack of ICT knowledge, and poor network infrastructure.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its resulting economic and social consequences have significantly affected the mental health of the individuals.1Nevertheless, related literature on the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health is scarce.2 Moreover, COVID-19 pandemic has profound effects on public mental health and their routine activities. Anxiety, sleep disturbance and overall lower perceived state of health are among some of the adverse effects.3 It has been reported that health organizations across the globe are working in coordination to cope with the mental health issues associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.4 The mental state of individuals vary based on their health, profession and status.5 Most importantly, mental health issues are common in quarantined and self-isolated individuals. It might be due to loneliness, fear of death and separation from their family members.6 Similarly, children, who have less interaction with their school friends on daily basis, may suffer from psychological problems. Additionally, separation from parents and friends can cause grief in children. They may encounter distress, anxiety, and loneliness; all of which affects their psychological health.7 Elderly people are highly susceptible to the COVID-19 outbreak as they are already prone to autoimmune, neurovascular, cardiovascular and psychological disorders. Social isolation among the elderly may cause irritating and shouting behaviour and emotional anger.8 Health care professionals are at the forefront of the battle to tackle the COVID-19. Therefore, fear of getting infection, extended work shifts, dealing with COVID-19 patients, inaccessibility to COVID-19 medicine, deaths of their colleagues at line of work, exposure to COVID-19, self-isolation, and keeping distance from friends and family can adversely affect their mental health.2 In general, individuals who recover from COVID-19 disease may face social stigma and get emotional disturbance. Each of us have a different attitude towards people who recovered from COVID-19. Health care workers who try to save people’s lives and limit the spread of COVID-19 can also face stigmatization for potentially being carriers of the COVID-19.2 The COVID-19 is a world problem, so concrete efforts are needed to address this pandemic at a global level. In the case of Pakistan, it is the responsibility of the Pakistani government to implement effective strategies to fight the Covid-19, as per the guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO).