Uncertainty, which is the only certain thing about the future, influences economic agents, their behaviours and economic activity. Debates and concerns about policy uncertainty have intensified following events such as the financial crisis, Brexit and more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of changes in economic policy uncertainty and consumer confidence in a set of major economies on tourism flows to African countries. Using data over the period of 2005–2019 and applying panel difference generalized method of moments method, our results show that a positive change in consumer confidence in Canada, China, France, Japan, Russia and the United Kingdom (UK) has favorable impact on tourism departures from these countries to 25 African countries. We also find that a positive change in uncertainty in Canada, Russia, Spain and the UK has negative effect on tourist departures from these countries to African countries. The implications of the results for tourism development in African countries are discussed.
Highlights The research identifies that low perceived control explains why some tourists still chose to travel despite a pandemic. Two studies found evidence of biased reasoning, as tourists may “wish away” perceived risks in favor of indulging in holidays. Guilt over holidaying during a pandemic was low among those who were able to attribute their decision to external forces. Travel professionals may employ strategies that modulate perceptions of risks to influence tourists' behaviors.
Purpose—The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between climate change beliefs, personal environmental norms and environmentally conscious behaviour. This study also investigates how the relationship between climate change beliefs and environmentally conscious behaviour is mediated by environmental identity. Design/methodology/approach—A survey conducted online involving 564 Australians informs the findings. Data analysis is performed using AMOS, a structural equation modelling package. Findings—This study finds strong positive relationships between climate change beliefs, personal environmental norms and environmentally conscious behaviour. The relationship between climate change beliefs and environmentally conscious behaviour is partially mediated by environmental identity. In addition, this study also finds that the relationships between personnel environmental norms, and environmental identity and environmentally conscious behaviour are partially mediated by climate change beliefs. Further, both personal environmental norms and climate change beliefs play stronger roles than environmental identity in environmentally conscious behaviour. Originality—This study engages in a scholarly conversation which claims the predictability of personal environmental norms in environmentally conscious behaviour. It adds value by establishing boundary conditions to some conversations in the field of study that claim environmental identity can be a better predictor of environmentally conscious behaviour. Research implications and limitations—This study postulates an integrated framework of value, beliefs and norms and the norm activation model to investigate environmentally conscious behaviour. This study findings are limited to a survey which involved an Australian sample. Practical implications—This study provides valuable implications for environmentally conscious businesses and policy makers. This study stresses the importance of highlighting climate change beliefs to enhance increased environmentally conscious behaviour engagement. It is, however, strongly recommended to focus on personal environmental norms as well because they play a stronger role in environmentally conscious behaviour engagement than climate change beliefs and strengthen climate change beliefs. This is important especially when conversations on the adverse effects of climate change and strategies to combat them are clouded by some political debates.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find out how consumers constantly trade off the potential extra cost of mass customisation with the additional time they have to wait to receive their customised products. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine this issue by using conjoint analysis to estimate the trade-offs using a sample of Australian consumers. The authors use cluster analysis to form market segments in the three product categories examined. Findings The segments demonstrate that there are groups of customers who are quite willing to trade-off price with waiting time. The results have significant implications for Australian manufacturers who are contemplating moving into mass customisation. Originality/value Many researchers have investigated the issue of a customer’s readiness to buy a customised product. In particular, they have examined whether customers are willing to pay extra for a mass-customised product, whether they would spend some time to design it, as well as wait to receive it. There has been no study that has examined all three factors simultaneously. The results of this study can help manufacturers form a better understanding of customer willingness for purchasing mass-customised products.
This study investigates how the relationship between environmental values (anthropocentric, biospheric and egobiocentric) and green product purchase intention is mediated by environmental identity. Asurvey conducted online involving 564 Australians informs the findings. Data analysis is performed using AMOS, a structural equation modelling package. Out of the three environmental values, egobiocentric values have the strongest influence on environmental identity followed by anthropocentric values, whilst biospheric values do not affect environmental identity. Whilst environmental identity fully mediates the relationship between anthropocentric and egobiocentric values and green product purchase intention, it does not mediate the relationship between biospheric values and green product purchase intention. Biospheric values have a direct relationship with green product purchase intention. The study provides valuable insights on developing green marketing strategies by revealing that unlike individuals with anthropocentric and egobiocentric values, individuals with biospheric values cannot be promoted to purchase green products as a form of environmental identity expression. | INTRODUCTIONMany environmentally conscious consumers prefer to purchase green products that usually claim to have minimal environmental effects.According to Durif et al. (2010, p. 27), "a green product is a product whose design and/or attributes (and/or production and/or strategy) use recycling (renewable/toxic-free/biodegradables) resources and which improves environmental impact or reduces environmental toxic damage throughout its entire life cycle". In the market, green products usually are named with regular terms such as eco-friendly, environmentally safe, biodegradable and so forth (Tan & Lau, 2011). They often appear with eco-labels that provide specific information conveying green features (Thøgersen et al., 2010). For example, a dishwashing brand could convey that it is free of chlorine and phosphates on its label. It is reported that 9 in 10 Australian consumers are now more likely to purchase green products (The Fifthestate, 2021). In the US, the green product market is estimated to be worth $150 billion (Food Business News, 2021). Clearly, the green product market shows promising growth, which is a highly welcome development for achieving sustainable development goals (United Nations, 2021).Green product purchase intention (GPPI) is defined as consumers' willingness to purchase green products (Ferraz et al., 2017;Thøgersen et al., 2010). Given the growth of the green product market, conducting more in-depth investigations into GPPI in general (i.e., purchase intentions of products claiming environmental benefits in general) is timely because it could better inform green marketing strategic
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