This review aims to determine the prevalence and severity of oral health diseases in the Africa and Middle East region (AMER). The profile of oral diseases is not homogeneous across the AMER. There are large disparities between groups. Reliable data are scarce. The prevalence and severity of oral diseases appear to be increasing in the African region, as does associated morbidity. There are substantial differences in inequalities in oral health. Dental caries prevalence is less severe in most African countries than in developed countries, but the high rate of untreated caries reflects the limited resources available and difficulties of access and affordability to essential oral health care services. The prevalence of gingival inflammation is very high in all age groups in several African countries. The prevalence of maxillofacial trauma has increased in many countries, with a wide variation of the incidence and high prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in primary and permanent teeth. Orofacial clefts are among the most common birth defects. Annual incidence of oral cancer is estimated as 25 cases per 100,000 people in Africa. Noma is a major public health problem for the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Data about human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS are limited, particularly in the MENA region. According to the World Health Organization Regional Committee for Africa report, some fundamental key basic knowledge gaps need to be underlined. They include inequalities in oral health, low priority for oral health, lack of adequate funding, inadequate dental student training, obstacles to medical and dental research, and poor databases. There are very few effective public prevention and oral health promotion programs in the AMER. Universal health coverage is not achievable without scientific research on the effectiveness of health promotion interventions.
Clinical RelevanceVolumetric polymerization shrinkage and curing light intensity should be considered when restoring proximal contact of class II cavities with resin-based materials. SUMMARYBackground: Proximal contact tightness of class II resin composite restorations is influenced by a myriad of factors. Previous studies investigated the role of matrix band type and thickness, consistency of resin composite, and technique of placement. However, the effect of volumetric shrinkage of resin and intensity of curing light has yet to be determined. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the influence of these factors on the proximal contact tightness when restoring class II cavity preparations in vitro.
This study investigated the effect of bulk-fill composites on proximal contact tightness (PCT) of composite restorations using different matrix systems. 150/standardized-MO-ivorine cavity preparations were divided into 5 groups; Smart Dentin Replacement (SDR), SonicFill (SF), Tetric EvoCeram Bulk-Fill (TEB), G-aenial Universal Flo (GF) and Tetric EvoCeram (TE). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (n=10); Dixieland band in Tofflemire retainer, FenderMate and Palodent plus matrix systems. PCT was measured 24 h post-curing using Tooth Pressure Meter. PCT means were calculated and statistically-analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (p<0.05). Means and SD of PCT for Tofflemire subgroup were: 1.75(0.13), 3.21(0.1), 3.06(0.19), 2.49(0.21) and 3.18(0.1) for (SDR), (SF), (TEB), (GF) and (TE), respectively. Using FenderMate, values were: 1.87(0.08), 3.35(0.12), 3.17(0.16), 2.64(0.1) and 3.26(0.11) for (SDR), (SF), (TEB), (GF) and (TE), respectively, while with Palodentplus; 3.16(0.17), 4.23(0.11), 4.1(0.1), 3.46(0.17) and 3.98(0.1) for (SDR), (SF), (TEB), (GF) and (TE), respectively. ANOVA revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between all samples except between (SF), (TEB) and (TE) and also significant difference between Palodentplus and two subgroups. Effect of bulk-fill composites on PCT is material dependent. Separation ring is recommended for proper PCT.
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