Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer that gained lots of interest in recent years. PAA nano-derivatives can be obtained by chemical modification of carboxyl groups with superior chemical properties in comparison to unmodified PAA. For example, nano-particles produced from PAA derivatives can be used to deliver drugs due to their stability and biocompatibility. PAA and its nanoconjugates could also be regarded as stimuli-responsive platforms that make them ideal for drug delivery and antimicrobial applications. These properties make PAA a good candidate for conventional and novel drug carrier systems. Here, we started with synthesis approaches, structure characteristics, and other architectures of PAA nanoplatforms. Then, different conjugations of PAA/nanostructures and their potential in various fields of nanomedicine such as antimicrobial, anticancer, imaging, biosensor, and tissue engineering were discussed. Finally, biocompatibility and challenges of PAA nanoplatforms were highlighted. This review will provide fundamental knowledge and current information connected to the PAA nanoplatforms and their applications in biological fields for a broad audience of researchers, engineers, and newcomers. In this light, PAA nanoplatforms could have great potential for the research and development of new nano vaccines and nano drugs in the future.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important human pathogen that causes diseases such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, bacteremia, and sepsis. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains has severely limited the available treatments for K. pneumoniae infections. On the other hand, K. pneumoniae activity (and related infections) urgently requires improved management strategies. A growing number of medical applications are using nanotechnology, which uses materials with atomic or molecular dimensions, to diagnose, eliminate, or reduce the activity of different infections. In this review, we start with the traditional treatment and detection method for K. pneumoniae and then concentrate on selected studies (2015–2022) that investigated the application of nanoparticles separately and in combination with other techniques against K. pneumoniae.

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In this work, a multifunctional theranostic nanocomposite based on CoFe2O4@polyacrylic acid (PAA)-Folic Acid (FA) Doxorubicin (Dox)load NPs was designed for the multifunctional cancer treatment. Several techniques such as TEM, DLS, ζ-potential, vibrating sample magnetometer, XRD, and UV−Vis spectrophotometer were applied for investigating physicochemical properties of the nanosystem. The percentage of the loaded drug, loading efficiency, in vitro release (pH 5.4 and 7.4), in vitro MRI measurements, and MTT assay (4T1 and 9A9 cell lines) were evaluated. Results showed that the percentage of loaded drug and loading efficiency was 53.33 ± 3.5 and 80.00 ± 5.3%, respectively, showing the system’s high ability for Dox encapsulation. Release study showed that Dox loaded in the CoFe2O4@PAA-FA(Dox)load NPs released faster at pH 5.4 than pH 7.4. In vitro, MRI measurements confirmed that CoFe2O4@PAA NPs could be used as a contrast agent in MRI measurements with r 2 = 18.2 mM−1 s−1. MTT assay demonstrated the biocompatibility of NPs, also showed a more efficient therapeutic effect for CoFe2O4@PAA-FA(Dox)load NPs than free Dox and CoFe2O4@PAA(Dox)load NPs.