By placing, in vacuum, a stack of transmission dynodes (tynodes) on top of a CMOS pixel chip, a single free electron detector could be made with outstanding performance in terms of spatial and time resolution. The essential object is the tynode: an ultra thin membrane, which emits, at the impact of an energetic electron on one side, a multiple of electrons at the other side. The electron yields of tynodes have been calculated by means of GEANT-4 Monte Carlo simulations, applying special lowenergy extensions. The results are in line with another simulation based on a continuous charge-diffusion model. By means of Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) technology, tynodes and test samples have been realised. The secondary electron yield of several samples has been measured in three different setups. Finally, several possibilities to improve the yield are presented.
In this decade, the exceedingly rising state of the art industry is internet of things where trillion devices will be connected. IoT is being appraised to transform the concept of communication. To support this paradigm shift, companies and organizations are endowing worthwhile attention with researchers and scholars. Internet of thing is lending a hand with its essential role to build a new and smart world in a smarter way where everything will be under the umbrella of it. The internet of things enables an overwhelming smartness to help the humankind with various entities and diverse applications. Although, it is greatest achievement in this decade but some prevails are being engendered calamitous situations with subject to security concerns such as threats, vulnerabilities, attacks in internet of things with its connected and inter-connected devices and objects. Some hazards are critically perilous and alarming to internet of things such as physical attacks, network attack, encryption attacks, software attacks, authorization, surveillance, identity theft, vandalism, secure communication and so on. The most salient concern and important part on internet of things is secure architecture of internet of things. In near future with the connectivity of billion or trillion devices, it would be very difficult to resolve the security issues for impending generations. In this paper, we reviewed different security architecture of IoT and highlighted the absence of security layer in all models.
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