The finite element approach is used to solve a variety of difficulties, including well bore stability, fluid flow production and injection wells, mechanical issues and others. Geomechanics is a term that includes a number of important aspects in the petroleum industry, such as studying the changes that can be occur in oil reservoirs and geological structures, and providing a picture of oil well stability during drilling. The current review study concerned about the advancements in the application of the finite element method (FEM) in the geomechanical field over a course of century. Firstly, the study presented the early advancements of this method by development the structural framework of stress, make numerical computer solution for 2D thermal stress then stress analysis of the airplane. The second part focused on the most recent developments of FEM, and this method generates new techniques for solving these problems, such as the 1D, 2D, and 3D finite element models; the dynamic program method (DPM); the finite discrete element method (FDEM); and the finite element extended method (FEXM). The third part of this study presented the reservoir finite element simulation used for injection well testing inside unconsolidated oil sand reservoirs. Also improvement of the FE software program for the analyses, finite element extended approach to convert a 3D fault model were introduced. In addition, the study explored the development of a 3D and 4D model utilizing Visage for FEM analysis for geomechanics investigations, and the software eclipse for pressure drop prediction in carbonate reservoir weak formation and presented the Finite-Element Smoothed Particle Method (FESPM).
The worldwide use of nanotechnology in most industries, such as in oil and gas industries, the world now has been directed towards introducing this modern technology in drilling fluids for the purpose of reaching and extracting hydrocarbons that exist at high depth where high temperatures and high pressure present using this technology to achieve the required mud properties with lowest cost. In this research, the particles of Nano hematite were prepared in laboratory using two methods, the first method by chemical reaction between iron nitrate (Fe (NO3)3• 9H2O) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), after that, prepared Nano-materials were subjected to AFM, XRD testing in order to investigate the size and type of particles, the investigations showed that the formed particles were Fe2O3 (<100nm). The second method is similar to the first method except adding (CTAB) material in order to reduce the interfacial tension leading to 4.5nm Nano-material. Three samples of drilling mud were prepared, the first sample was prepared from water and bentonite only, the second sample was prepared from water, bentonite and nano (prepared from first method), the third samples was prepared from water, bentonite and nano (prepared from second method), rheological properties, filtration, density, lubricity, sagging and magnetism properties were measured by analyzing and comparing the results. The results were obtained showed that the small effect of nano material filtration, density, lubricity, and sagging properties, except the viscosity increase when the second sample of Nano hematite was added to the mud prepared from water and bentonite. Also, the magnetism increase when the second sample of nano hematite was added to the mud prepared from water and bentonite, due to the difference in the molecular arrangement caused by the presence of CTAB.
Background: Between December 2019 and the beginning of 2020, the corona virus epidemic first appeared in Wuhan, China, before its spreading to the rest of the country and subsequently to many other nations. Many people experience severe psychological anguish, manifested as physical symptoms, anxiety disorders, sadness, and a sense of helplessness.Objective: This study aims to identify the levels of psychological distress among Iraqi people and to find-out the association between levels of psychological distress and some socio-demographic characteristics. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted on 291 persons of both sexes from the City of Baghdad. Data were collected from the first to the 15 th of April 2020 through online interview. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was employed to measure the respondents' psychological distress. Results: Almost 16.8% of the respondents experienced psychological distress. There was a significant association between psychological distress and respondents' gender, occupation, monthly income, and level of education. Females significantly demonstrated higher psychological distress than males. Conclusion: COVID-19 epidemic has an impact on people's health, both psychological and physical health, which requires follow-up and treatment by specialists. New studies are needed to determine the predicative factors for the level of psychological distress.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.