Globally, rapid urban expansion has caused green spaces in urban areas to decline considerably. In this study, the rapid expansion of three Southeast Asia cities were considered, namely, Kuala Lumpur City, Malaysia; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Metro Manila, Philippines. This study evaluates the changes in spatial and temporal patterns of urban areas and green space structure in the three cities over the last two decades. Land use land cover (LULC) maps of the cities (1988/1989, 1999 and 2014) were developed based on 30-m resolution satellite images. The changes in the landscape and spatial structure were analysed using change detection, landscape metrics and statistical analysis. The percentage of green space in the three cities reduced in size from 45% to 20% with the rapid expansion of urban areas over the 25-year period. In Metro Manila and Jakarta, the proportion of green space converted to urban areas was higher in the initial 1989 to 1999 period than over the latter 1999 to 2014 period. Significant changes in green space structure were observed in Jakarta and Metro Manila. Green space gradually fragmented and became less connected and more unevenly distributed. These changes were not seen in Kuala Lumpur City. Overall, the impact of spatial structure of urban areas and population density on green space is higher in Jakarta and Metro Manila when this is compared to Kuala Lumpur. Thus, the results have the potential to clarify the relative contribution of green space structure especially for cities in Southeast Asia where only a few studies in urban areas have taken place.
The Pergau lake basin is a man-made water catchment area comprise of 460 hectares due to the construction of hydroelectric dams in Pergau. It is located about 125 km southwest of Kota Bharu in the Jeli district in Kelantan and managed by Tenaga Nasional Berhad. The lake is rich in natural resources and the forest in the basin acts as a reservoir through water absorption and storage. Forests within the area catchments and basins can control soil erosion and erosion of river banks as well slope collapse is one of the sources of risk floods in terms of damage to property and infrastructure such as bridges and road. However, rapid population growth and urbanisation induced the pressure from human activities have been expanded into the forest catchment area. Therefore this study was conducted in the Pergau Lake (Dam) to safeguard their importance for socio-economic, well-being, ecotourism potential and sustaining its biodiversity. This study aims to predict the land use changes in the study area for 2035, parameterised with satellite images in 1988, 2003 and 2018 and the physical parameter such as slope, road, elevation, distance from built up area, green space edge and waterbody. The integrated approach of remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Land Change Modeler-Markov Change Model were used to analyze the changes and their spatial pattern. The results showed that between 1994 and 2004, and between 2004 and 2014 the forest landscape in the Pergau Lake were decreased due to the development of the built-up area. Thus, the results will hopefully take into consideration for land use planning and forest protection for sustainable management planning of the forest catchment area. It is indicated that the spatial effect of green space is influenced by the historical spatial changes, implementation of the previous master planning efforts and uncontrolled land use expansion. This study is designed to provide the novel integrated approach for predicting landscape changes for the forest catchment area to provide the initial guideline for sustainable planning and management of forest catchment area.
This study aims to identify the effect of monsoonal period toward nighttime ground level ozone in East Coast Malaysia depending on different land use area which is industrial and urban areas. The concentration of O3, NO, NO2 temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (WS) were used and collected from Air Quality Division of the Department of Environment, Malaysia. The data proceeded in descriptive analysis and statistical analysis. Temperature, relative humidity and wind speed parameters (symbol of East Coast Monsoonal period), was compared with O3, NO and NO2 concentration with Pearson correlation analysis. During nighttime, O3 concentration continuously decreasing starting at 7 p.m. promotes by chemical removal and other removal processes. The highest nighttime O3 concentration was recorded 65 ppb (Kemaman) with the lower nighttime ozone achieved zero value. Meanwhile, nighttime O3 concentration in Kota Baharu (nighttime) was recorded lower with maximum (612 ppb) and mean (9.15±8.60 ppb) compared to Kemaman. The temperature and relative humidity correlation with O3 concentration in both locations shown different correlation as Kemaman - 0.149 and 0.212 while Kota Baharu exhibited 0.137 and -0.159. Meanwhile, wind speed has a positive correlation in both locations as Kemaman is 0.388 and Kota Baharu is 0.462 which indicates wind was a factor that induces ozone formation as ozone was transported to the monitoring area. Therefore, NO, NO2, T, RH and WS was not the only factor influences ozone depletion during nighttime as the correlation display was lower.
Remote sensing is widely used to capture the images of land use/land cover on earth. This paper studies on the land use changes in Lojing, Kelantan in 1989 dan 2006. The land use is then classified, and the classification scheme was adopted from United States Geological Survey (USGS) Land Use/ Land Cover Classification System. Supervised classification method has been used since it was proved by other research to be more accurate compared to unsupervised classification. Accuracy assessment was conducted to calculate the accuracy of the land use map produced so that at the end, a good quality of land use map is produced. The findings of this study is that, there had been an insignificant land use changes between the year 1989 and 2006. The conclusion is, Lojing had been experiencing changes in term of land use due to the increased socioeconomic activities especially agriculture and logging at the highlands of Lojing.
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