The increasing quantity of non-biodegradable waste has posed major environmental concern especially in the developing countries. To improve such challenge, the effects of crushed waste glass bottles (cullet) as partial replacement of fine aggregate in the properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) was investigated. The waste glass was crushed and sieved through series of sieves to determine its gradation. The optimum bitumen content (OBC) was determined using Marshall Mix Design Method. A total of 33 cylindrical specimen of asphalt produced with sand and sand partially replaced with glass cullet were prepared. 15 specimen were used to determine the OBC using of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 % bitumen to the total blended aggregate weight. The remaining samples were used to investigate the effects of glass cullet on the bituminous mixture at the selected OBC using Marshall Test. The results of the laboratory tests indicate OBC of 5.9%. Stability, flow, specific gravity and air voids were determined from the Marshall test and were compared with those specified by The Asphalt Institute and the Nigerian codes for Roads and Bridges. Optimum glass cullet content of 8.0 % was obtained. Asphalt produced with 8 % glass cullet can be used as wearing course material. Use of glass cullet will provide an effective way of disposing the waste.
This paper examined the effect of rainfall on traffic stream behaviour during peak and non-peak periods on a basic highway section. Data on this section which is located on the J5 was collected for four months during which 99 rainfall events occurred. The traffic consisted of 75.80% cars, 10.23% motorcycles, 3.51% trucks and 10.46% of other vehicles. Traffic was observed for both rain and no-rain conditions and the data was analysed to see the effect of the rain. The results showed decreases in the speed as the rain intensity increased. Similarly, the traffic flow rates decreased as the rain intensity increased. This trend was observed for both peak and non-peak periods and for both directions. It is concluded that the effect of rain during peak period could have more serious consequences on the traffic flow than during non-peak periods because of the higher flow rates and the constrained nature of the flow. Consequently, capacity degradations up to 30% during peak periods would require resources to be employed to manage the traffic.
Speed is one of the important parameters of traffic flow that can be used to determine the performance of driver’s behaviour under various scenarios. Changes in weather conditions caused changes in drivers’ speed due to various reasons. In Malaysia, there is slightly high number of road accidents at night. Rainfall at night does not only cause poor visibility to drivers, but it also gives a sense of insecurity especially as there is a significant reduction in the visibility of the object in front. Improper road conditions can worsen the situation, for example, rainfall can cause water accumulation on road surfaces which can increase skidding problem, potholes and hydroplaning effect. In relation to these situations, hence it is crucial to understand how the abrupt situation affect response of driver’s in terms of the macroscopic behaviour. These unpredictable environmental changes seem like portraying a very unpleasant journey for drivers especially to travel under rainfall condition at night. Therefore, there is a need to observe how individual vehicles react in terms of speed adjustment and response to the different rainfall intensities downpour at night. Hence this study was conducted to determine the impact of different rainfall intensities at night on vehicles’ speed. Traffic data was obtained using automatic traffic counter at a cross section of a road at Pengkalan Raja, Pontian for about three months during monsoon season. Rainfall data report was obtained from the Department of Drainage and Irrigation, Pontian. From this study, it was found that there is a speed reduction from the dry condition regardless of rainfall intensities at night. As rainfall intensities at night higher, the speed reduction is higher as well except for heavy rainfall condition. The mean speed, 15th percentile and 85th percentile of vehicles decrease with the increase in rainfall intensity at night. It can be concluded that rainfall have impact on vehicle’s speed irrespective of their intensities. Findings from this study can be used to help local authorities and transport planners in planning an efficient traffic management system for a safer travel experience to road users in Malaysia.
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