Abstract. Previous studies on socioeconomic development have examined the effect of development initiatives (i.e., access to finance and training) on several socioeconomic indicators (i.e., income, empowerment, asset, quality of life, employment). These studies have focused mostly on the outcomes of specific types of programs offered by specific development organizations. This study however focuses on informal women micro-entrepreneurs' participation in various development programs available to them and their influence on entrepreneurial competencies, human capital development, competitive advantages, economic vulnerability, supportive environment, and performance of micro-enterprises. This cross-sectional study adopted the purposive random sampling method and collected data from 384 informal women entrepreneurs from the local markets in different districts of Kelantan, Malaysia. The findings show that the development program participants have relatively higher levels of entrepreneurial competencies, human capital development, and higher levels of enterprise performance compared to non-participants. It is also noted that the level of economic vulnerability is relatively low among participants compared to non-participants. However, these findings contradict most of the earlier studies 293that show a significant positive impact of micro-credit on socio-economic wellbeing, as the difference in entrepreneurial competencies, human capital development, economic vulnerability, and performance of micro-enterprises among participants and non-participants in this study is not statistically significant. However, findings reported significantly higher levels of competitive advantages, and better supportive environment among the participants compared to the non-participants. Development organizations should therefore focus on expanding their outreach to spread the positive effects of their development programs towards uplifting the economic condition of low and middle-income households in Malaysia.
This study aims (1) to determine the distribution of the components of functional business skills and knowledge among low-income households living across different geographical districts; (2) to assess the reliability of each dimension of entrepreneurial skills, and (3) to assess the validity and overall reliability of the entrepreneurial skills instrument. The study employed a cross-sectional approach. The sample of 800 low-income households in Kelantan, Malaysia, and the total of 200 respondents from each location were administered for the business skills and knowledge questionnaire for a period of one month, testing five dimensions of Financial Skills, Technical Skills, Communication Skills, Market Orientation, and Networking Skills. The study demonstrated that five dimensions were developed in the entrepreneurial skills construct. The validity of the formation of the five dimensions were proved through factor analysis. Based on the reliability and validity testing, this study ended with 34 items that fell into five dimension of Financial Skills, Technical Skills, Communication Skills, Market Orientation, and Networking Skills. Furthermore, it was found that the distribution of 'financial skills', 'technical skills' 'communication skills', 'marketing skills', and 'networking skills' are significantly different across the districts of Kelantan. Policy makers and other developmental organizations should therefore focus on interactive programs that could encourage participants towards increasing the level of knowledge and skills among the Asnaf particularly in the district of Jeli. Observing the positive business skills and knowledge which stimulates business success, this study recognizes the level of business knowledge among the Asnaf as moderately low.
Naproxen has been found in a variety of water sources, including drinking water and groundwater. The effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants and other modern pharmaceutical removal procedures are investigated, with a particular focus on adsorption. There are several significant findings in this report that the quantity of oil palm wastes particularly oil palm EFB has created disposal problems. Utilizing EFB as a pollutant adsorbent in wastewater is a viable option. The aim of this research is to determine the adsorption capacity and the efficiency of EFB in removal of NSAIDs from water. As a result, EFB must be used to mitigate agricultural waste and water pollution. The highest percentage naproxen sodium removal shows at concentration of 100 ppm after 24 hours in 2.5 g of EFB, which was 98.66%. For 5.0 g of EFB, the highest percentage removal recorded in 1000 ppm concentration of naproxen sodium solution after 24 hours was 45.74 %. Aspects for EFB to achieve maximum adsorption capacity and efficiency are smaller EFB and contact time in 24 hours. In conclusion, EFB can be utilized as a cheap raw material to be a bio-sorbent.
In this study, it tests the government factor as a mediator to see the significant impact of the relationship between talent demand and talent supply towards talent shortage. As currently, the rise of a talent shortage among student as an entrepreneur in acute condition. The nation right now faced increment number unemployment among young graduate. Government has proposed young graduate to be entrepreneurship to beat this issue—however, the entrepreneurial skills among young graduate far below expectation. Do government do not adequately provide enough support for the entrepreneur ecosystem among young graduate to growth as an entrepreneur. Hence this paper, focusing on developing a significant model to beat talent shortage with the perspective of demand and supply. Then, 371 respondents among public universities student by using simple random sampling. Data analysed with IBM-SPSS and IBM-AMOS to develop a model through path analysed. It was found that the government factor provides a significant factor as a mediator and both talent demand and positively significant towards talent shortage. All hypotheses positively supported. This paper significantly impacts to the government, higher education institution, entrepreneur, and student itself with finding presented.
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