This study introduces a new evolutionary approach called binary genetic programming (BGP) to design and assess public transportation systems from a sustainable development perspective. The BGP combines evolutionary system identification techniques with k-fold cross-validation to obtain an accurate model between the land use and transportation parameters from a sustainable urban development point of view. To assess the new model, two public transportation systems including the new tram line of Antalya (Turkey) and the bus rapid transit line of Bhopal (India) were considered. The model was applied to classify the transportation systems into transit-oriented development (TOD) and non-TOD. The solutions generated by the new model were compared with those of classic decision tree (DT) as well as the state-of-the-art random forest (RF) models evolved as the benchmarks in this study. The results showed that the BGP is highly efficient and may provide less than 5% classification error. It is superior to the DT and RF solutions, which typically require higher datasets to avoid overfitting. Furthermore, the explicit formulation of BGP in combination with the multicriteria evaluation method increases human insight on the factors affecting the design of public transportations from a sustainable urban development point of view.
Where university settlements, educational activities take place, accommodation facilities are provided for students and faculty staff, education units, light-green areas, indoor areas, recreational areas, they are usually located outside the city. In general, it is the area of active living for instructors, students, administrative staff, people, especially students. It is one of the most important factors in measuring the quality and continuity of living spaces. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the student satisfaction of the physical tissue of the Atatürk University campus. To this end, the study was conducted in eight faculties to determine the student satisfaction of outdoor physical equipment, and then the external physical equipment was classified first. The survey study, conducted in three seasons, was evaluated in the SPSS 20 statistical program. The study found that students liked the socio-cultural activities and facilities of the campus (64.4%), pedestrian circulation (50.0%), inadequate plants (42.89%), general area use of the compound (50.8%). The study focused mainly on the need to create indoor spaces for recreational purposes during the winter months
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