Currently, congestion in Karachi’s central business district (CBD) is the result of people driving their cars to work. Consequently, a park and ride (P&R) service has proved successful in decreasing traffic congestion and the difficulty of finding parking spaces from urban centers. The travelers cannot be convinced to shift towards the P&R service without an understanding of their travel behavior. Therefore, a travel behavior survey needs to be conducted to reduce the imbalance between public and private transport. Hence, mode choice models were developed to determine the factors that influence single-occupant vehicle (SOV) travelers’ decision to adopt the P&R service. Data were collected by an adapted self-administered questionnaire. Mode choice models were developed through logistic regression modeling by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. The findings concluded that more than 70%, specifically motorbike users, to avoid mental stress, and to protect the environment are willing to adopt the P&R service. Moreover, to validate the mode choice models, logit model training and a testing approach were used. In conclusion, by overcoming these influencing factors and balancing push and pull measures of travel demand management (TDM), SOV users can be encouraged to shift towards P&R services. Thus, research outcomes can support policymakers in implementing sustainable modes of public transportation.
Freight transportation is a key element in economic growth and the development of countries. Linking freight lines between Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (specifically Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Oman) will increase revenues, improve infrastructure asset efficiency and generate employment. Shipping and transport industries endure continuous changes and transformations in response to technological developments and changes in world trade. Significant amounts of documentation, research papers as well as technical and economic reports are available in literature that details ways in which these industries respond to and meet the needs of shippers and consumers. Information and data are valuable assets in providing a basic understanding and base knowledge of the different types and methods of shipping options, as well as the impacts of different transportation modes. In this paper, possible environmental impacts will be discussed, including air quality, noise levels and vibration. In addition, safety factors such as fatalities and accidents will be incorporated into discussions on mode selection. A GIS model was implemented and a case study was created to assess these impacts, estimate damage costs as well as discuss concerns with logistics and mode selection. Finally, possible mitigation measures to manage environmental and safety concerns will be proposed. Based on the analysis and results, more work on environmentally sustainable models and designs need to be implemented to mitigate impacts and to ensure that the environment and quality of life can be preserved. Incentivizing shifts from truck to rail or to intermodal systems is key for shippers’ participation in reducing environmental and societal impacts. Encouraging shippers to change their mode selection can relieve congestion and lower accident rates.
As we delve into value deconstruction, the number of contractors will increase a great deal, and every specialty will have its own parameters. The contract by its own will not be able to accommodate all clauses and conditions that may be due for changes. Now imagine, what would happen if important information like trade secrets of any corporation or business were to be leaked to competitors? And wouldn't it be so much better to legally oblige to privacy and urge those who consent to keep the information in question completely under wraps? For this reason, it is important to have an ecosystem of agreements such as NDAs, SLAs, and others to complete the chain and allow for efficient governance and risk management considerations. NDAs and confidentiality provisions have groundbreaking propensity. The design of such agreements is fundamental and various parameters must be considered. This chapter directs attention to these subjects and concerns by discussing the various types of complementary agreements and how they can be attached to the original contract to add value and reduce risk.
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