Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a cognitive behavioral therapy-oriented anger management and stress control program on smokers' quit rates.Methods: Of 2348 smokers, 350 were randomly allocated into study and control groups (n ؍ 175 each). An individualized therapy cessation technique was selected for each participant (combination of behavioral counseling, nicotine replacement therapy, and/or pharmacotherapy). The participants in the control group attended a standard quit program, whereas the study group also received an additional 5-session (90 minutes each) cognitive behavioral therapy-oriented program aimed at improving their anger and stress coping skills. At the beginning of the study, both groups were asked to complete the Trait Anger Scale (TAS) of the State and Trait Anger Scale and the Self-Confident (SCS) and Hopeless (HS) subscales of the Stress Coping Styles Inventory; pretest smoking status of both groups and their coping skills were compared with each other as soon as the program ended (post-test results) and after 3 and 6 months (first and second follow-up tests).Results: Although there was no difference between pretest scores on the TAS (P ؍ .234), SCS (P ؍ .130), and HS (P ؍ .148) subscales, post-test results indicate that the study groups' TAS and HS scores decreased and SCS scores increased (P < .001), whereas there was no change in the control group (P > .05). The study group had a better quit level after 6 months compared with the control group (44% vs 27.4%; P < .001). The anger management and stress control program was found to have a significant effect on cessation (odds ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 -3.85). The importance and effectiveness of primary care interventions in preventing smoking are well known. Conclusion 1As part of health promotion activities, one priority has been to increase the success rates of smoking cessation.2,3 However, up to 75% of smokers start to smoke again within 6 months, even though they receive behavioral support, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), or drugs (bupropion or varenicline). 4 Many studies have been performed to understand the interacting physiological and psychological factors involved in relapse.5 Some sociodemographic risk factors (sex, education level, marital status, living alone, and income) have been identified. Nicotine-a very potent psychological and neurological stimulant that influences behaviors, emotions, and mood-is implicated as the main factor responsible for initiation, maintenance, and relapse in terms of smoking. [6][7][8][9] In recent years a strong relation between anger, stress, and smoking has been noticed. 10,11 Smokers report that they smoke more when they are stressed, angry, anxious, or sad and that they expect that smoking will alleviate these negative moods. 12 There is strong evidence that nicotine reduces emotions of stress and anger because deprivation causes increases in feelings of anger and stress, despite whether they are amplified by other distressing wit...
Aim/background: To investigate the effect of a stress and anxiety coping programme on anxiety and objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) performance in medical students. Material and methods: First-year medical students about to sit their first OSCE were randomised into experimental (n = 75) and control (n = 78) groups at the Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical Faculty in 2009-2010. Before the study, the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) was applied to both groups (pre-tests). The volunteer medical students in the experimental group received nine sessions (one 30 min session per week for 9 weeks) of an anxiety-and stress-coping programme. At the end of the programme (posttest) and 3 months later, following an overview session with the experimental group, the STAI was readministered to both groups (1st follow-up test). One month later, the experimental group performed deep diaphragmatic breathing and listened to gentle classical music in the test room while waiting to sit the OSCE, while the control group waited in a silent room. Both groups retook the STAI (2nd follow-up) just before sitting the OSCE. The groups' pre-, post-, 1st and 2nd follow-up STAI scores and the relations with OSCE performance and anxiety were investigated within the groups. Results: Although there was no difference in the pre-test STAI results between the experimental and control groups (state p = .213, trait p = .122), the experimental group had lower post-test, 1st and 2nd follow-up STAI scores (p < .001, respectively). The OSCE results of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group (p < .001).In a linear regression model, post-test, 1st and 2nd follow-up trait anxiety (p = .023, p = .014 and p < .0001, respectively) and state anxiety (p = .032, p = .026 and p < .001, respectively) were identified as independent factors for higher OSCE scores. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the participants in the experimental group achieved lower scores on post-STAI and improved OSCE performance.
Bulgular: Çalışmamıza katılan gebelerin %54,3'ü 26-35 yaş grubunda, %34,9'u ilkokul mezunu ve % 74,6'sı ev hanımı idi. Anne adaylarının %33,3'ünün ilk gebeliği iken, gebeliklerin %68,6'sı planlı gerçekleşmişti. Gebeler gebelikleri ile ilgili bilgi düzeylerini ölçen 70 soruya ortalama 55,4±6,6 adet doğru cevap vermişlerdi. Gebelerin %86,7'sinin bilgi düzeyi yeterli, %13,3'ünün orta iken, bilgi seviyesi yetersiz gebe saptanmadı. Demografik, obstetrik, genel sağlık ve gebelik izlemi özellikleri ve bilgi edinme yollarına ait faktörlerle oluşturulan regresyon modeline göre, yaş (p<0,001) ve eğitim düzeyi (p=0,021) anne adaylarının bilgi düzeyini etkileyen bağımsız faktörler olarak bulundu.Sonuç: Çalışmamızda incelenen gebelerin gebelikle ilgili bilgilerinin orta ve iyi düzeyde olduğu, gebelikle ilgili bilgi düzeyle-rinin yaş ve eğitimden etkilendiği saptanmıştır. Gebelerin hizmet aldıkları kurumlar ya da hekimler bilgi düzeyine etkili değildir.Anahtar sözcükler: Gebe kadınlar, gebelik, bilgi, perinatal bakım. SummaryObjective: The aim of this study is to investigate the level of knowledge of the pregnant women about their pregnancy and factors that affect it.Methods: Our study group is consisted of 314 pregnant women between 18-50 years of age with different trimesters who had admitted to Ondokuz Mayis University Medical Faculty Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics. After their demographic, obstetric and general health, perinatal care management were investigated, a questionnaire consisted of 70 items which they should know about their perinatal period (physiological changes, health promotion and follow up) were applied. The pregnant women divided into three groups according to the number of the true answers as not sufficient (0-23), medium (24-47) and sufficient (>48). Different factors that might affect the level of knowledge of the pregnant were investigated statistically. Results:The 54% of the cases that are included in our study are between 26-35 ages while 34.9% of them had elementary school education, 74.6% of them are housewives. 33.3% of them got pregnant for the first time while 68.6% of the pregnancies were planned. The subjects gave 55.39±6.63 true answers to these 70 items. 86.7% of the pregnant women had sufficient levels of knowledge while 13.3% of them had moderate and none were in not sufficient group. In a regression model analyzing the relationship between level of pregnant women's' knowledge with demographic, obstetric and general health, follow-up features and data gathering methods, age (p<0.001) and level of education (p=0.002) were found as independent factors. Conclusion:Our study has revealed that the knowledge level of the pregnant women about their pregnancy is found to be average or good, and these levels are affected by age and education level but, not affected by health service institutions or physicians they receive care.
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