This paper reviews the flow behavior and mathematical modeling of various metals and alloys at a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Furthermore, it discusses the effects of strain rate and temperature on flow behavior. Johnson–Cook is a strong phenomenological model that has been used extensively for predictions of the flow behaviors of metals and alloys. It has been implemented in finite element software packages to optimize strain, strain rate, and temperature as well as to simulate real behaviors in severe conditions. Thus, this work will discuss and critically review the well-proven Johnson–Cook and modified Johnson–Cook-based models. The latest model modifications, along with their strengths and limitations, are introduced and compared. The coupling effect between flow parameters is also presented and discussed. The various methods and techniques used for the determination of model constants are highlighted and discussed. Finally, future research directions for the mathematical modeling of flow behavior are provided.
This study explores the influence of an inclined magnetic field and variable viscosity on the entropy generation in steady flow of a couple stress fluid in an inclined channel. The walls of the channel are stationary and non-isothermal. The fluid flow is driven due to pressure gradient and gravitational force. Reynold’s model for temperature-dependent viscosity was used. The dimensionless, non-linear coupled equations of momentum and energy was solved, and we obtained an analytical solution for the velocity and temperature fields. The entropy generation and Bejan number were evaluated. The variation of pertinent parameters on flow quantities was discussed graphically. The rate of volume flow, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number at the surfaces of the channel were calculated and their variations were discussed through surface graphs. From the results, it is noticed that the entropy generation rate can be minimized by increasing the magnetic field and the temperature difference parameters. The findings of the current study in some special cases are in precise agreement with the previous investigation.
The effect of deformation on the evolution of crystallographic texture in a Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (Ti-15333) alloy after unidirectional cold rolling was studied experimentally and numerically in the present investigation. An optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to study the microstructures, while the crystallographic texture after cold rolling was studied with X-ray diffraction. The rolling process (deformation) was simulated with PRISMS-plasticity, open-source crystal plasticity software. Micro-indentations were performed on the initial solution-annealed sample with an equiaxed grain structure. The experimentally obtained load–displacement curve for a particular grain (orientation-φ1, Φ, φ2 = 325.2°, 18.0°, 66.2° (Bunge notation)) was compared with the crystal plasticity finite element method (FEM)-simulated load–displacement curve to obtain the calibration parameters. The obtained parameters, along with the experimental stress–strain curve, were used to recalibrate the PRISMS-plasticity software for the rolling simulations of the Ti-15333 alloy. It was observed that the γ-(normal direction, ND//<111>) and α-(rolling direction, RD//<110>) fibers strengthened with cold rolling, experimentally as well as numerically. The simulated orientation distribution functions (ODFs) matched reasonably well with those obtained from the experiments. The average values of von Mises stress and von Mises strain increased with an increase in deformation.
Squeezing flow is a flow where the material is squeezed out or disfigured within two parallel plates. Such flow is beneficial in various fields, for instance, in welding engineering and rheometry. The current study investigates the squeezing flow of a hybrid nanofluid (propylene glycol–water mixture combined with paraffin wax–sand) between two parallel plates with activation energy and entropy generation. The governing equations are converted into ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. The shooting strategy (combined with Runge–Kutta fourth order method) is applied to solve these transformed equations. The results of the conducted parametric study are explained and revealed in graphs. This study uses a statistical tool (correlation coefficient) to illustrate the impact of the relevant parameters on the engineering parameters of interest, such as the surface friction factor at both plates. This study concludes that the squeezing number intensifies the velocity profiles, and the rotating parameter decreases the fluid velocity. In addition, the magnetic field, rotation parameter, and nanoparticle volumetric parameter have a strong negative relationship with the friction factor at the lower plate. Furthermore, heat source has a strong negative relationship with heat transfer rate near the lower plate, and a strong positive correlation with the same phenomena near the upper plate. In conclusion, the current study reveals that the entropy generation is increased with the Brinkman number and reduced with the squeezing parameter. Moreover, the results of the current study verify and show a decent agreement with the data from earlier published research outcomes.
Fluid flow through a sphere has practical applications in numerous areas of technology, for instance, mineralogy, food engineering, and oilfield drilling. The goal of this paper is to look at how quadratic thermal radiation and activation energy affect the dissipative flow of hybrid nanofluids around a sphere with the heat source parameter. bvp4c (a MATLAB in-built function) is used to solve a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which is the transformed version of the system of governing equations. Using multiple linear regression, the effects of relevant parameters on the mass transfer rate, the Nusselt number, and the skin friction coefficient are investigated. The key findings of this study are that increasing the radiation parameter improves the fluid temperature and increasing the activation energy parameter improves the fluid concentration. When the Eckert number and the parameter of the heat source are increased, the convective heat transmission is reduced. It appears that the magnetic field parameter reduces the shear stress near the surface. It is discovered that increasing the volume percentage of nanoparticles increases the skin friction coefficient and increasing the Schmidt number increases the mass transfer rate. Furthermore, the current results are validated against previously published data.
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